Table 1.
Beneficial effects of probiotics reported in pre-clinical studies.
| Probiotic Strains | Associated Health Benefits | Experimental Model | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus | |||
| Bacillus mesentericus | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [121] |
| Bacillus subtilis | Attenuates inflammation, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [122] |
| Bacillus velezensis | Attenuates inflammation, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [122] |
| Bifidobacterium | |||
| Bifidobacterium | Immunestimulation | in vitro | [123] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 | Immunestimulation | Elderly subjects | [124] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis | Immunestimulation (salivary cytokine release) | Healthy adults | [125] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis | Multiple sclerosis therapy | in vivo | [126] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis NumRes252/-253 | Improve lung function, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [127] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis | Imunnemodulation | in vitro | [98,128,129] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [130] |
| Bifidobacterium breve | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vivo | [131] |
| Bifidobacterium breve IPLA 20004 | Improves intestinal barrier function | in vitro | [132] |
| Bifidobacterium breve M-16V | Improves lung function, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [127] |
| Bifidobacterium breve AH1205 | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [133] |
| Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 | Imunnemodulation | in vitro, in vivo | [98,128,129] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb23sg | Attenuates inflammation | in vivo | [134] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum LMG13195 | Improves intestinal barrier function | in vitro | [132] |
| Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 | Immunestimulation | Elderly subjects | [135] |
| Bifidobacterium longum | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [130] |
| Bifidobacterium longum | Imunnemodulation | in vitro | [136] |
| Bifidobacterium longum AH1206 | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [133] |
| Bifidobacterium infantis NumRes251 | Improves lung function, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [127] |
| Bifdobacterium infantis | Attenuates colitis, Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vivo, in vivo | [131,137] |
| Clostridium butyricum | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [121] |
| Escherichia coli | Immunestimulation to inactivated influenza vaccine | in vivo | [138] |
| Escherichia coli | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [139] |
| Escherichia coli 129 | Imunnemodulation | in vivo | [140] |
| Escherichia coli 13-7 | Imunnemodulation | in vivo | [140] |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Multiple sclerosis therapy | in vivo | [126] |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CJLP243/-45/-W55-10 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vivo | [141] |
| Lactobacillus | |||
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro, in vivo | [130,131] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1462 | Imunnemodulation | in vivo | [140] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus A9 | Imunnemodulation | in vivo | [140] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [142] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFB 1748 | Increased chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells | in vivo | [143] |
| Lactobacillus bulgaricus | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro, in vivo | [131,139] |
| Lactobacillus casei BL23 | Antitumor proprieties | in vivo | [144] |
| Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 | Imunnemodulation | in vivo | [140] |
| Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 | Immunestimulation | in vitro | [120,145,146] |
| Lactobacillus casei | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro, in vivo | [130,131,139,147] |
| Lactobacillus casei | Reduces symptoms of rotavirus diarrhea | Children with rotavirus diarrhea | [148] |
| Lactobacillus casei | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | Attenuates colitis, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [149] |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota | Immunestimulation (salivary cytokine release) | Healthy adults | [125] |
| Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [150] |
| Lactobacillus crispatus | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [139] |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [151] |
| Lactobacillus johnsonii NBRC 13952 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [152] |
| Lactobacillus fermentum | Immunestimulation (salivary cytokine release) | Healthy adults | [125] |
| Lactobacillus fermentum JDFM216 | Increases mouse behavior, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [153] |
| Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | in vivo | [154] |
| Lactobacillus helveticus R389 | Immunestimulation | in vitro | [120] |
| Lactobacillus helveticus IMAU70129 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [150] |
| Lactobacillus lactis | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus salivarius | Attenuates colitis | in vivo | [137] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | Multiple sclerosis therapy | in vivo | [126] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | Immunestimulation | in vitro, in vivo | [155] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 | Immunestimulation | in vitro, in vivo | [145] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei + reuteri | Attenuates inflammation and colitis | in vivo | [156] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. Paracasei | Increases chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear cells | in vivo | [143] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Immunestimulation (CD40 and CD80 expression increase)in vitro | [157] | |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Immunestimulation | in vitro, in vivo | [98,158] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum N14 | Immunestimulation | in vitro | [159] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum NumRes8 | Improve lung function, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [127] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro, in vivo | [130,131] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 | Immunestimulation | HIV/AIDS-affected patient | [160] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Reduces symptoms of rotavirus diarrhea | Children with rotavirus diarrhea | [148] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [150] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus KLSD | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [150] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus NumRes6 | Improves lung function, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [127] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Immunestimulation (salivary cytokine release) | Healthy adults | [125] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus + lactis | Attenuates allergic disease | in vivo | [161] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Immunestimulation | in vitro | [162] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 | Immunestimulation | HIV/AIDS-affected patient | [160] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 | Reduces symptoms of rotavirus diarrhea | Children with rotavirus diarrhea | [163] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Gut microbiota diversity increase, Immunestimulation | in vivo | [164] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [165] |
| Lactobacillus sakei | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [151] |
| Lactocaseibacillus | |||
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei SD1 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [166] |
| Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD4 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [166] |
| Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SD11 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [166] |
| Limosilactobacillus fermentum SD7 | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro | [166] |
| Prevotella histicola | Multiple sclerosis therapy | in vivo | [126] |
| Streptococcus | |||
| Streptococcus thermophilus | Immunestimulation (cytokine release) | in vitro, in vivo | [130,131] |
| Streptococcus thermophilus | Immunestimulation (IgA-producing cells increase) | Healthy adults | [119] |
| Streptococcus faecalis | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [121] |
| Probiotic Mixtures | |||
| Lactobacilli+ Streptococchi | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [167] |
| Lactobacilli+ Streptococchi + | |||
| Bifidobacteria | Imunnemodulation | in vitro | [168] |
| Bifidobacteria + Lactobacilli | Attenuates allergic disease | in vivo | [169] |
| IRT5 | Immunestimulation | in vivo | [170] |
| VSL#3 | Attenuates sickness behavior development | in vivo | [171] |
Abbreviations: Immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). Probiotic mixtures: IRT5: bifidobacterium bifidum, lactobacillus acidophilus, casei and reuteri, and streptococcus thermophiles; VSL#3: 3 different bifidobacteria, 4 lactobacilli, and 1 streptococcus thermophilus strain; bifidobacteria + Lactobacilli: bifidobacterium animalis + brave + lactobacillus helveticus + paracasei.