Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of the Italian, Spanish, and American samples.
| Variables | Italy (n = 85) | Spain (n = 27) | USA (n = 31) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | Min; Max | M (SD) | Min; Max | M (SD) | Min; Max | |
| Pre-COVID-19 SDQ_ext | 6.93 (3.14) | 3; 17 | 8.89 (3.50) | 2; 15 | 8.16 (4.18) | 0; 20 |
| COVID-19 SDQ_ext | 7.75 (3.66) | 0; 18 | 9.67 (3.40) | 1; 16 | 9.06 (4.94) | 0; 20 |
| Pre-COVID-19 PSS | 25.85 (6.91) | 11; 43 | 26.15 (6.46) | 16; 40 | 26.74 (6.53) | 14; 40 |
| COVID-19 PSS | 27.91 (7.26) | 11; 45 | 29.15 (6.76) | 18; 42 | 30.74 (7.54) | 13; 45 |
| COVID-19 GHQ | 21.77 (5.65) | 6; 35 | 24.18 (5.44) | 9; 35 | 22.61 (3.80) | 15; 30 |
| ΔSDQ_ext | 0.82 (2.30) | −6; 11 | 0.78 (1.69) | −3; 4 | 0.90 (2.41) | −4; 6 |
| ΔPSS | 2.06 (4.41) | −10; 20 | 3.00 (4.72) | −5; 15 | 4.00 (5.02) | −4; 15 |
Note: SDQ_ext: child externalizing behavior; PSS: parental stress; GHQ: parental mental health; Δ: changes from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic.