Table 3.
Resistance patterns of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates (n = 14) in the different bird species.
| Bird Species | Pathotype | Serotype/ST | Resistance Phenotype | AMR Determinants (WGS) |
| Anas crecca | non-pathogenic | ND | AMP, TET | ND |
| Larus fuscus | AMC, AMP | |||
| Larus spp. | AMP, TET | |||
| Larus spp. | ExPEC | O55:H10/ ST162 |
AMP, CAZ, CIP, COX, FEP, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | blaTEM-1B,blaSHV-12,gyrA, qnrB19,sul2, tet(B), dfrA17 |
| ONH:H16/ ST453 |
AMP, CAZ, CIP, COX, FEP, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | blaTEM-1B,blaSHV-12,gyrA, qnrB19,sul2, tet(B), dfrA14 | ||
| OND:H9/ ST410 |
AMC, AMP, AZM, CAZ, CHL, CIP, COX, FEP, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | aac(6’)-Ib-cr, mph(A), blaCTX-M-15,blaTEM-1A,blaOXA-1, floR, gyrA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), dfrA17 | ||
| O78:H4/ST23 | AMP, CAZ, CIP, COX, FEP, NAL, SMX, TET | blaCTX-M-1, gyrA, sul2, tet(A) | ||
| O25:H4/ ST131 |
AMC, AMP, AZM, CAZ, CIP, COX, FEP, GMN, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | aac(6’)-Ib-cr, mph(A), blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-55, blaOXA-1, aac(3)-IIa, gyrA, qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), dfrA14, dfrA17 | ||
| O25:H4/ ST131 |
AMC, AMP, AZM, CAZ, CIP, COX, FEP, GMN, NAL, SMX, TET, TMP | aac(6’)-Ib-cr, mph(A), blaCTX-M-15, blaSHV-55, blaOXA-1, aac(3)-IIa, gyrA, qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), dfrA17 | ||
| Larus spp. | EAEC | O111:H21/ ST40 |
AMC, AMP, CAZ, COX, FOX | ampC-promoter, blaTEM-1B |
| Acrocephalus scirpaceus | ExPEC | O101:H9/ ST10 |
AMP, CHL, CIP, TET | blaTEM-1B, cmlA1, qnrB19, qnrB82, qnrB67, qnrB56, tet(A) |
| O101:H9/ ST10 |
AMP, CHL, CIP, TET | blaTEM-1B, cmlA1, qnrB19, qnrB82, qnrB67, qnrB56, tet(A) | ||
| Gallinula chloropus | ExPEC | O101:H9/ ST10 |
AMP, CHL, CIP, TET | blaTEM-1B, cmlA1, qnrB19, qnrB82, qnrB67, qnrB56, tet(A) |
| Columba livia | STEC | O45:H2/ST20 | SMX, TET, TMP | sul1, tet(A), dfrA1 |
ND, not determined; ST, Sequence Type; EAEC, Enteroaggregative E. coli; ExPEC, Extraintestinal E. coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli; OND, O antigen not determined; AMP, Ampicillin; AMC, Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid; AZM, Azithromycin; FEP, Cefepime (FEP); COX, Cefotaxime; FOX, Cefoxitin; CZD, Ceftazidime; CRO, Ceftriaxone; CHL, Chloramphenicol; ERY, Erythromycin; GMN, Gentamicin; MEM, Meropenem; NAL, Nalidixic acid; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; SMX, Sulfamethoxazole; TET, Tetracycline; TGC, Tigecycline; TMP, Trimethoprim.