TABLE 3.

Analysis of Maternal Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Ig Positivity at First ANC Clinic Visit

	SARS-CoV-2 Total Ig Negative	SARS-CoV-2 Total Ig Positive	Unadjusted OR (95 CI)	Unadjusted P	Adjusted OR (95 CI)	Adjusted P
Age*	28.5 (6.6) [276]	27.1 (7.0) [28]	0.97 (0.91–1.03)	0.329
Primigravidae	32/276 (11.6)	5/28 (17.9)	1.76 (0.65–4.78)	0.267
Gestational age*	18.8 (4.5) [276]	18.9 (5.1) [28]	1.00 (0.92–1.10)	0.871
Literate†	220 (79.7)	23 (82.1)	1.09 (0.41–2.90)	0.855
Malnourished (MUAC < 22.0 cm)	4/275 (1.4)	2/27 (7.4)	5.92 (1.20–29.25)	0.029	5.51 (1.02–29.81)	0.047
Anemia (<11 g/dL)	134/275 (48.7)	12/28 (42.9)	0.80 (0.37–1.72)	0.565	0.85 (0.38–1.89)	0.695
Undetectable HIV VL (<50 copies/mm)	175/276 (63.4)	24/28 (85.5)	3.14 (1.12–8.86)	0.023	3.35 (1.10–11.29)	0.039
ARV treatment
No treatment	65/275 (23.6)	6/28 (21.4)	Ref	0.731	Ref	0.418
TDF/3TC/EFV	31/275 (11.3)	1/28 (3.6)	0.48 (0.08–2.98)		0.21 (0.02–1.72)
TDF/3TC/DTG	176/275 (64.0)	21/28 (10.8)	1.23 (0.49–3.09)		0.76 (0.22–2.62)
Other treatments	3/275 (1.1)	0/28 (0.0)	1.44 (0.07–31.03)		4.49 (0.13–74.05)
Time on ARV regime (d, median/IQR)‡	1205 (2066) [276]	682 (2198) [28]	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.803	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.591
Positive syphilis test	7/276 (2.5)	2/28 (7.1)	0.34 (0.08–1.42)	0.139	0.29 (0.08–1.72)	0.206

Values are number n/N (%) unless indicated otherwise. Subanalysis performed in tested women after March 2020, when first COVID-19 cases were reported in the country.

^*Mean (SD) [N].

^†Can read and/or write.

^‡Median (IQR) [N]. MUAC, middle-upper arm circumference.

TDF, tenofovir; 3TC, lamivudine; EFV, efavirenz; DTG, dolutegravir; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.