Table 2.
Characteristics of intervention programs.
| Román et al. (2012) [22] | Shahmansouri et al. (2013) [23] | Shakeri et al. (2015) [24] | Malek et al. (2018) [25] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention strategies | Psychoeducation with relaxation training, cognitive restructuring and problem solving technique; education about the surgical process; in a group of five patients | Psychoeducation with relaxation training, in a group of five to six patients | Psychoeducation with training in problem solving technique and education on the surgical procedure, in group or individual | Psychoeducation with training in anxiety management techniques in groups of 10 patients |
| Contents | Information on performing relaxation exercises; information on the surgical process, surgical technique and aspects related to hospital admission and monitoring | Exploration and discussion about emotion, anxiety, in a psychotherapeutic atmosphere, with training in relaxation techniques | Provision of a simple and understandable pamphlet, with “training” content and a brief description of the surgery. Filling in a recording, solving a problem or answering a question | Information about the surgical procedure; encouraging the user to talk about anxiety and its causes and correcting users’ mistakes, and education and training in emotion control techniques such as Benson relaxation, deep breathing, guided imagery, repetition of prayers |
| Frequency and Duration | Six sessions, lasting two and a half hours per session and with an interval of about a week | One session lasting 60 to 90 min | One session | Two sessions lasting 45 to 60 min each session and with an interval of one day |
| Time of implementation | About six weeks before the date of surgery | On the morning of the first day of hospitalization | 24 h before the date of surgery | Two consecutive days prior to the date of surgery |
| Program evaluation/ Anxiety assessment tool |
Pre- and post-intervention through STAI, Spanish version, composed of 40 items | Pre- and post-intervention through STAI, composed of 20 items | Pre- and post-intervention through STAI composed of 40 items | Pre- and post-intervention through STAI composed of 20 items |
| Dynamiser | Clinical psychologist | Psychotherapist | Nurse | Nurse |
| Results | Decrease in anxiety levels in the intervention group | No differences in anxiety levels in the intervention group | Decrease in anxiety levels in the intervention group | Decreased levels of anxiety in the intervention group |