Table 3.
Reviews included in the study.
| First Author | Included Articles | Level’ Noise | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Codocedo | narrative | not specified | In rats, noise exposure for 24 h generates a decrease in several miRNAs, including miR-183, leading to adecrease in the level of the target TaoK1, which participates in the activation of the MAPK pathway and the induction of cell apoptosis |
| Cox | 42 | not specified | Increased hearing thresholds and cortisol levels were associated with an increase in stress-related hormones, and suggest that anthropogenic noise has the potential to cause both short- and long-term physiological effects |
| De Soto | 15 | 157/136–162/156–168 dB re 1 μPa | noise interferes with growth larvae, metabolism, reproductive rates, changes in swimming and movements |
| Di franco | 57 | not specified | acute and chronic marine noise can cause a wide variety of effects on marine invertebrates and vertebrates, such as swimming and gregarious patterns, anti-predator responses, mating and spawning patterns, auditory damage, communication masking, changes in habitat use, migration and displacement, stress-related physiological responses |
| Heinrichs | narrative | 120 dB–12 kHz | mechanisms that can induce hyperactivity in animals exposed to stressors, such as loud noises, are related to hippocampal changes, in the locus coerulus or to activation of adrenocortical hormones. |
| Kight | narrative | 65–95–110 dB | noise stressed animals are not able to reproduce species-appropriate vocalisations, they do spatial errors and stress during pregnancy but noise might act as a beneficialstimulant of brain activity, such as white noise during sleep |
| Kunc | narrative | not specified | Noise may also negatively affect the social structure between pairs and groups, can impede defence against predators, reduce the ability to maintain territories or alter the reproductive behavior |
| Li | narrative | pulse with sound exposure levels (SELs) > 183 dB re: 1 μPa2 and nonpulses > 195 dB re: 1 μPa2s | dolphins with vessel noise change their fluke, rate, heading, dive depth and reduced their sounds |
| Mandel | narrative | not specified | in cows white noise or classical music decreases stress level |
| Nabi | narrative | not specified | masking can compromise reproduction, mother-offspring bonding, foraging and survival because animals are unable to interpret and respond to mating calls, offspring calls, prey sounds or predator sound |
| Peng | narrative | 119–250 dB re 1 μPa | the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine organisms are dependent on the species investigated and both the levels of impulsive and stationary noise |
| Pienkowski | narrative | 68–72 dB spl | sounds can lead to a reorganization of auditory cortex not unlike that following restricted hearing loss but different from that learning-induced |
| Popper | narrative | 20–50 Hz (bulk), 180 to 200 dB re 1 μPa2 s−1 (pile drivers), <1 Hz (vessel) | change in behavior from small and short-duration movements to changes in migration routes and leaving a feeding or breeding site; decrease in detectability ofbiologically relevant sounds (e.g., sounds of predators and prey, sounds of conspecifics, acoustic cues used for orientation) |
| Samson | narrative | 20–1000 Hz | in cephalopods, reactions considered to be escape and/or startle behavior (blanching, jetting, inking) mostly occurred at low frequencies and high sound levels |
| Shannon | 188 | 52 and 68 dBA SPL re 20 μPa (terrestrial)/67–195 dB SPL re 1 μPa (acquatic) | noise cause increased stress levels, decreased reproductive efficiency, impacted the vocal behavior and reduced the foraging efficiency |