Table 4.

Cohort, case-control, experimental and observational studies included in this review.

First Author	Sample	Level of Noise	Aim	Lenght of Study	Results
Abdullah	2	20–75 dB	exposure to various noise for 15 min	3 repetitions in each day for 5 days	noise interferes with prey perceptions of predators
Akefe	30	100 dB	exposed to noise, with or not kaempferol + zinc gluconate	48 days	noise interferes with oxidative stress
Amorim	16	104–140 dB re. 1 μPa	impacts of boat noise exposure in the reproductive success of wild toadfish	2 weeks	Noise affected reproductive success by decreasing the likelihood of receiving eggs, the number of live eggs and increasing the number of dead eggs
Baltzer	not specified	120–99 dB re 1 μPa2s	effects of underwater noise on marine mammals	1 day	anchor pipe vibration embedment noise might induce a behavioral reaction (changes in movements)
Blanchett	98	51.5–66.6 dB	associations between visitor numbers, noise levels and stress or critical behavior	12 days	lack of association between visitor numbers and stress or critical behavior
Criddle	24	85–115 dB	NMDA receptor blocker and sound exposure	4 h + 28 days	treated animals show lower hyperactivity
Durbach	Not specified	approximately 3 kHz and a nominal source level of 235 dB re 1 µPa	investigate the effect of sonar activity on movement behaviors	3–4 days for 3 years	Faster and more directed movement during sonar exposure; animals were more likely to cease calling during exposure
Frouin-Mouy	2	94.8–110.2 dB re 1 μPa	measuring the underwater source levels, behavioral vocal and non-vocal marine mammal signals	1 month	noise can interfere communications between group
Gang	120	mean sound pressure level of 72 dB (A)	Associations between aircraft noise and cognitive functions	2 h daily for 4 days	Changes in spatial recognition memory
Grunst	34 pairs	60 dB	altered parental behaviors in response to consistent freeway noise and a diverse anthropogenic noise	2 weeks	no population-level changes in nestling provisioning behavior during noise but individual differences in noise sensitivity
Hastie	5	148 dB re 1 µPa	measuring the relative influence of a sound (silence, pile driving, and a tidal turbine) on decision-making and foraging success in grey seals	8 days	Foraging success was significantly reduced (16%–28% lower) when the speaker was located at the Low Density prey patch
Hubert	64	mean SPLs 128.3 or 119.0 dB re 1 μPa	exposed seabass to different impulsive sound treatments (pulse level, elevated background level)	3 sound treatment in each day for 2 days	upon sound exposure, fishes increased their swimming depth
Issad	32	80 dB	Effects of light and noise pollution on body temperature and anxious behavior	3–4 weeks	significant decrease in the number of line crossings and time spent in the open field test.
Koorpivaara	182	not specified	dexmedetomidine for noise-associated acute anxiety and fear in dogs	3 months	noise can caused hyperactivity by locus coerulus’activation
Landsberg	24	average 83.9 dB	two treatment groups (DAP and placebo) in response to a thunderstorm recording	a week	pheromones reduce anxiety and fear by noise
Lara	Not specified	130 and 150 dB re 1 μPa	Shipping activity can altered fish’behavior	5 days	continuous noise can increase dark avoidance in anxiety-related dark/light preference test and impaired spontaneous alternation behavior
Leduc	32	45–100 dB	Noise can reduce the available cognitive processing capacity	3 weeks	fish exposed to noise playbacks require additional time to reach this target and reduce exploratory behavior
Longenecker	16	116 dB	relationship between tinnitus, hearing loss, hyperactivity and bursting activity post noise trauma	1 h	noise increase tinnitus and hyperactivity
Manukyan	24	91 dB	monitoring hdl, ldl, cholesterol, cognitive functions post noise exposure	60 days	chronic noise altered behavioral activity, delay in movement and orientation, increased anxiety, deficit spatial memory
Martin	35 groups (369 individuals)	60.9–64.4 (low)/64.4–70.5 (medium)/70.5–80 dB re 20 μPa RMS SPL (high)	Effect of car and boat noise on marine mammals behavior	1 month	detriment of vital activities such as resting and nursing that decreased considerably (from 5.9 to 45% decrease)
Mikolajczak	40	94–104 dB	effect of noise by wind turbines on the stress parameters (cortisol)	17 weeks	lower activity, some disturbing changes in behavior, increased cortisol
Miller	43	1–4 kHz	Effect of sonar noise on foraging	13 h	whales ceased foraging completely during killer whale and sonar exposures
Mills	28/20	120–70 dB re 1 μPa2s/Hz	short-longer effect motorboat-noise playback on the behavior, cortisol, androgens of anemonefish	30 min/48 h	in short term, hiding aggression, androgen level increased
Mulders	24	20–120 dB	monitoring hyperactivity post noise exposure	2 weeks	hyperactivity in the colliculus begins at some time between 4 and 12 h post trauma
Park	27/24	41.3–57.60 dB	Effects of wind turbine on frog’s behavior	2 days	Call rate increased after 1 h of exposure
Pellegrini	122 groups	180 dB re: 1 lPa V−1	Effects of boat noise on foraging	9 months	cooperative foraging may potentially be reducedor interrupted by the presence of boats, in response to the number, type and speed, indicating a behavioral change and acoustic masking
Pirotta	32	50–200 dB re 1 μPa2s/Hz	How vessel noise influenced foraging behavior	5 days	ship noise caused a significant change in whale behavior up to at least 5.2 km away from the vessel.
Senzaki	142 species (58,506 nest)	Not specified	Effect of light and noise on reproductive success	14 years	Closed-habitat, but not open-habitat, birds also tended to experience a decline in clutch size with noise exposure
Uran	30	95–97 dB SPL	Monitoring hippocampal-related behavioral alterations	15–30–45 postnatal day	moderate intensity can changed hippocampus, with observed behavioral effects
Van der Knapp	49–250	123–140 dB (re 1 μPa)	Effect of boat noise on behavior	6 months	in presence of boat noise) fishes spent more time in behaviorsconsidered to be a response to predators
Van der knapp(b)	14	114–138 dB (re 1 μPa)	Effect of wind turbine on movement behavior of free swimming	4 months	cod did not increase their net movementactivity, but moved closer to the scour-bed (i.e., hard substrate), surrounding their nearest turbine,
Wang	60	60–100 dB	investigate the effects of ship noise on foraging, vigilance and flight behaviors	1 month	As the noise level increased, foraging behavior decreased and vigilance and flight behaviors increased, particularly above 70 dB
Wieczerzak	10/11	40 Hz	Investigated neural plasticity in the auditory and prefrontal cortices in the days following noise exposure	1 month	noise exposure impaired spatial learning and reference memory
Williams	13	241 dB re 1 μPa-m	Investigated reactions to anthropogenic noise by this deep-diving cetacean	5 years	movement from surface to depth (descent) was often more gradual for control dives than for noise exposed dives which showed shorter, more rapid ‘directed’ descents