Table 2.

Mean and SD of pre and post MRI and ultrasound measures of VRE, IKE, and conventional groups.

No	Variable		VRE	IKE	Conventional	F-Score	p-Value
1	Pain intensity	Pre	7.2 ± 0.4	7.3 ± 0.3	7.2 ± 0.3	295.60	0.558 *
	VAS (cm)	Post	1.8 ± 0.3	2.5 ± 0.5	4.8 ± 0.4		0.001 **
2	Psoas Major CSA (cm2)—R	Pre	8.6 ± 0.4	8.5 ± 0.5	8.5 ± 0.4	102.06	0.705 *
		Post	9.5 ± 0.3	10.1 ± 0.4	8.7 ± 0.2		0.001 **
3	Psoas Major CSA (cm2)—L	Pre	7.9 ± 0.5	8.2 ± 0.4	8.1 ± 0.5	170.34	0.271 *
		Post	9.5 ± 0.4	10.2 ± 0.3	8.4 ± 0.2		0.001 **
4	Quadratus. Lumb CSA (cm2)—R	Pre	4.6 ± 0.3	4.8 ± 0.4	4.7 ± 0.6	88.82	0.380 *
		Post	5.8 ± 0.3	6.3 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.3		0.001 **
5	Quadratus. Lumb CSA (cm2)—L	Pre	4.7 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.5	4.3 ± 0.5	197.64	0.069 *
		Post	6.5 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.3		0.001 **
6	Multifidus CSA (cm2)—R	Pre	5.6 ± 0.6	5.4 ± 0.6	5.5 ± 0.5	90.87	0.542 *
		Post	7.1 ± 0.5	7.6 ± 0.4	5.8 ± 0.4		0.001 **
7	Multifidus CSA (cm2)—L	Pre	5.5 ± 0.5	5.6 ± 0.6	5.6 ± 0.7	71.25	0.834 *
		Post	6.8 ± 0.4	7.4 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.4		0.001 **
8	Erector Spinae CSA (cm2)—R	Pre	16.2 ± 0.9	15.9 ± 1.3	16.1 ± 1.2	45.97	0.702 *
		Post	17.5 ± 0.5	18.1 ± 0.6	16.4 ± 0.6		0.001 **
9	Erector Spinae CSA (cm2)—L	Pre	16.4 ± 1.3	16.5 ± 0.9	16.6 ± 1.2	22.62	0.859 *
		Post	17.7 ± 0.7	18.1 ± 0.5	16.9 ± 0.5		0.001 **
10	Multifidus Thickness (mm)—R	Pre	33.8 ± 3.3	33.6 ± 3.4	32.9 ± 3.6	6.50	0.686 *
		Post	35.2 ± 2.2	35.4 ± 2.3	33.1 ± 2.2		0.002 **
11	Multifidus Thickness (mm)—L	Pre	31.5 ± 2.6	31.6 ± 2.8	32.1 ± 3.2	3.20	0.780 *
		Post	33.5 ± 2.1	34.2 ± 2.1	32.5 ± 2.2		0.047 **

* non-significant, ** significant, VAS—visual analog scale, CSA—cross-sectional area, R—right, L—left, VRE—virtual reality exercise, IKE—isokinetic exercise.