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. 2022 Dec 20;24(1):12. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010012

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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ROS signaling pathways in cancer cells. ROS activate multiple signaling pathways in cancer cells for the stimulation of the cell proliferation and growth. Abbreviations: CYP: cytochrome P450; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; PIP₂: phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; PIP₃: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; AKT: protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; EGF/EGFR: epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor; GRB: growth factor receptor-bound protein; SOS: Son of Sevenless; RAS: Ras GTPase; RAF: RAF kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; MYC: c-MYC; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factors; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B.