. 2022 Dec 23;20(1):200. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010200

Table 1.

Study Characteristics and Effect.

Study	Design	Setting	Population Size **	Outcome Measure(/s)	Effect Direction	Statistically Significant *
Banerjee et al. (2017) [48]	ITS	Single-center	Not Reported (NR)	re-admission	⇑	yes
Banerjee et al. (2017) [48]	ITS	Single-center	Not Reported (NR)	identifying heart failure patients	⇑	yes
Cline et al. (2016) [39]	BA	Multi-center (2 hospitals)	487	pain re-assessment	⇑	NR
Corson et al. (2015) [46]	BA	Multi-center (4 hospitals)	53	inappropriate test ordering	⇑	yes
				in-hospital mortality, blood transfusion	⇑	no
				LOS, re-admission	⇔	N/A
Dowling et al. (2022) [38]	ITS	Multi-center (7 hospitals)	47	bronchiolitis management	⇑	yes
				LOS	⇑	yes
				ICU admission, 72-hr ED revisit	⇔	N/A
Hester et al. (2019) [37]	BA	Single-center	20	bronchiolitis management	⇑	NR
				ED discharge, LOS, 7-day ED revisit	⇑	yes
				hospital admission LOS, readmission	⇑	no
Kestenbaum et al. (2019) [40]	BA	Single-center	NR	pain management	⇑	NR
Kestenbaum et al. (2019) [40]	BA	Single-center	NR	prescription costs	⇑	NR
Larkin et al. (2021) [45]	RCT	Multi-center (4 hospitals)	25	CT ordering	⇓	no
Navar-Boggan et al. (2014) [50]	BA	Single-center	42	blood pressure control	⇔	N/A
Navar-Boggan et al. (2014) [50]	BA	Single-center	42	repeat BP measurements	⇑	yes
Parks et al. (2021) [49]	ITS	Single-center	63	intra-operative lung-protective ventilation	⇑	yes
Patel et al. (2018) [44]	CRCT	Single-center	20 teams (n = NR)	discharge quality	⇑	yes
Patel et al. (2018) [44]	CRCT	Single-center	20 teams (n = NR)	30 day re-admission	⇑	no
Phase 1: Riblet et al. (2014) [52]	BA	Single-center	NR	peri-operative glioma care	⇑	yes
Phase 2: Riblet et al. (2016) [51]	BA	Single-center	NR	peri-operative glioma care	⇑	no
Trent et al. (2019) [47]	CRCT	Single-center	16	sepsis/pneumonia management	⇑	yes
Phase 1: Stevens et al. (2017) [53]	BA	Multi-center (4 centers)	12	prescription of potentially inappropriate medications	⇑	yes
Phase 2: Vaughan et al. (2021) [42]	BA	Multi-center (3 centers)	283	prescription of potentially inappropriate medications	⇑	no
Wang et al. (2021) [43]	BA	Multi-center (5 centers)	18	opioid prescribing practices	⇑	NR
				opioids prescribed/month	⇑	yes
				opioids/prescription	⇑	no

* (p < 0.05, 95% CI); ** Number of health professionals receiving the intervention; Study design: RCT = randomized controlled trial, CRCT = cluster RCT, BA = before and after study, ITS = Interrupted time series; Effect direction: ⇑ = positive impact, ⇓ = negative impact, ⇔ = no change/mixed effect/conflicting findings.