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. 2022 Dec 21;24(1):132. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010132

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the unbalanced Th1/Th2 cytokine network in peripheral blood of RPL patients. TNF-α can be produced by Th1 or Th2 cells. IFN-γ is secreted by Th1 cells, which induce the differentiation of Th1 cells. Moreover, TGF-β augments the differentiation of Th1 cells, which release IL-1β. In addition, IL-33 can enhance Th1 or Th2 differentiation. Th2 cells produce IL-4 and IL-13. IL-4 is known to compromise the production of Th1 cells. IL-6 is found to promote Th2 cells. IL-10 is a Th2 cytokine that inhibits the Th1 immune response.