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. 2022 Dec 21;24(1):95. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010095

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunomodulation by natural product compounds involves an altered balance between subsets of diverse immune cell types. The corresponding pathogenic (pro-inflammatory) (Right panel) versus protective (anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory) (Left panel) immune cell subsets are shown: Th1 vs. Th2, Th17 vs. Treg, M1 vs. M2, activating vs. tolerogenic DC, and antibody-producing vs. regulatory B cells, respectively. (Abbreviations (Top to bottom)): Th = T helper cell; Treg = T regulatory cells; M1 = M1-type macrophage; M2 = M2-type macrophage; DC = dendritic cells (Right panel, activating DC; Left panel, tolerizing DC); B10 = B cells secreting IL-10 (a regulatory B cell subset); B cell = activated B cell for antibody production.