. 2022 Dec 26;24(1):391. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010391

Table 4.

Binding constants of flavonoids to DNA in cell-free assays.

	Binging Constants (K[M^−]])	Methods	DNA Model	Measurement Conditions	References
CHRYSIN	1.21 × 10⁵	Abs	d(CCAATTGG)2	room temperature; absorption: 200 to 800 nm; fluorescence: Ex 326 nm, Em spectra 320 to 650 nm,	[227]
	9.07 × 10³	Fluo	d(CCAATTGG)2
	9.03 × 10⁵	Abs	Ct-DNA
	3.03 × 10⁵	Fluo	Ct-DNA
APIGENIN	7.10 × 10⁴	FT-IR & Abs	Ct-DNA	FT-IR: sharp DNA band at 968 cm⁻¹ as internal reference, obtained difference spectra [(DNA solution + ligand)-(DNA solution)]; Abs: of DNA at 260 nm, wavelength range of 245–445 upon titration of dsDNA	[225]
	9.12 × 10⁴	Abs	dsDNA		[226]
	0.73 × 10⁴	Abs	Ct-DNA		[140]
QUERCETIN	17.54 × 10⁵	Fluo, 300 K	Ct-DNA	fluorescence: Ex 220–660 nm 57; Em 240–680 nm	[229]
	8.97 × 10⁵	Fluo, 310 K
	4.80 × 10⁵	Fluo, 320 K
	18.0 × 10 ⁴	Abs	Ct-DNA		[140]
KAEMPFEROL	18.0 × 10⁴	Abs	Ct-DNA	measurement of absorption between 200 nm and 500 nm	[140]
MYRICETIN	8.63 × 10⁴	Abs	Ct-DNA	measurement of absorption between 200 nm and 500 nm	[140]