Figure 5.

RAGE inhibitors such as duloxetine, hispidin, ergothioneine, ethyl pyruvate low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), and papaverine diminish the formation of AGEs, S100B, and HMGB1 and have an impact on downstream signaling (red arrow in downward direction). However, these inhibitors upregulate NF-κB (green arrow upward direction) and downregulate STAT3 (red arrow downward direction) which are primarily involved in the regulation of cancer progression. Moreover, another green arrow indicates the suppression of cancer progression (green arrow in downward direction).