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Protective effect of caffeic acid against skin cancer. ROS means reactive oxygen species, PTEN means phosphatase and tensin homolog, PI3K means phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PPARγ means peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, TNFα means tumor necrosis factor alpha, NF-κB means nuclear factor kappa B, iNO synthase means inducible nitric oxide synthase, and VEGF means vascular endothelial growth factor.
