| Anti-GAD65 | auto-antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 |
| BMI | body mass index |
| CT | computed tomography |
| GWA | genome-wide association |
| HOMA-β | homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function |
| HOMA-IR | homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
| mBMI | metabolite fingerprint of BMI |
| NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
| T1D | type 1 diabetes |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
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