Table 1.
Most consistent microbiota alterations measured in PD patients with respect to healthy individuals (from [15,17,18,19,20]).
| Microbiota Alterations in PD Patients |
Downstream Metabolites |
Local Impact in PD Patients | Impact on Brain in PD Patients |
|---|---|---|---|
| ↑ Akkermansia | Mucin-degrading enzymes | Immune gut homeostasis | |
| ↑ Bifidobacterium, ↑ Lactobacillus |
Tight junction proteins | Infection in immune-compromised individuals | |
| ↑ Enterobacteriaceae family | LPS | ↑ Inflammation | ↑ BBB permeability ↑ Neuroinflammation |
| ↓ Blautia ↓ Faecalibacterium ↓ Roseburia |
SCFAs | ↓ Gut permeability (mucus formation) ↓ Inflammation (via the NF-κB pathway) |
↑ BBB permeability ↓ Microglia-mediated protection |
| ↓ Prevotellaceae family | Mucins synthesis | ↓ Gut permeability (mucus formation) | ↑ BBB permeability ↑ Neuroinflammation |