Figure 4.

Metformin prevents HG-induced increase in TGF-β1 mRNA and protein expression in vascular adventitial fibroblasts. Cells were pre-treated with metformin hydrochloride (10 µM), 45 min prior to HG supplementation. (A) TGF-β1 mRNA levels were determined by Taqman real-time PCR at 6 h post-HG treatment, with β-Actin as loading control. (B) Protein was isolated after 12 h of HG and subjected to western blot analysis for detection of TGF-β1, with β-Actin as loading control. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (standard error of mean). The groups were analysed by one-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) and Tukey’s multiple comparisons (p ≤ 0.05). Significant comparisons along with their p values are depicted in the Figure. The data are representative of three independent experiments, n = 3.