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. 2022 Dec 21;24(1):142. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010142

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of Lactobacillus on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier, immunomodulation, and microbe–microbe interaction. Here, we have shown that Lactobacillus may affect the integrity of the epithelial membrane by regulating tight junction proteins, reducing apoptotic cell death, and release of mucins. Similarly, it has immunomodulatory and regulating effects against microbe–microbe interaction.