Table 2.
Effects of isorhamnetin in cultured cells.
| Reference | Compound and Dose | Cell Type and Experimental Design | Effects | Mechanisms of Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isorhamnetin | ||||
| Lee et al. (2009) [16] | Isorhamnetin 1, 10, 25, 50 μM 25, 50 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 9 days of the differentiation period Mature adipocytes Treatment of 20 h on day 9 after differentiation |
↓ TG content ↓ Adipocyte differentiation (25 and 50 μM) NS TG content |
↓ Pparγ, C/ebpα, Pgc-1, Lpl, Cd36, Ap2 and Lxr-α gene expression NS C/ebpβ, C/ebpδ and Krox gene expression ↓ GPDH activity ↓ Adiponectin gene and protein expressions ↓ Il-6, Mcp-1 and Pai-1 gene expressions NS Pparγ gene expression |
| Lee et al. (2010) [17] | Isorhamnetin 1, 10, 25, 50 μM |
Human mesenchymal stem cells The 21 days of the differentiation period |
↓ Adipocyte differentiation (10, 25 and 50 μM) |
↓ Dkk1, Sfrp1, C/ebpα, Pparγ gene expression NS Sfrp2, Sfrp3, Sfrp4 and Dkk3 gene expression ↓ Lrp5, Lrp6, Fzd4, Fzd6 and Fzd7 gene expression ↑ Total and nuclear β-catenin protein expression ↑ GSK 3β phosphorylation |
| Lee et al. (2011) [18] | Isorhamnetin 50 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 6 days of the differentiation period |
↓ TG content ↓ Adipocyte differentiation |
↑ Nuclear β-catenin protein expression ↑Wnt/β-catenin signalling activity |
| Zhang et al. (2016) [19] | Isorhamnetin 10, 25 and 50 μM 50 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 9 days of the differentiation period Treatment at different stages; from day 0, 3 or 6 of differentiation |
↓ TG content ↓Adipocyte differentiation (all doses) ↓ TG content (treatment at day 3 or later) |
Treatment at day 0: ↓ C/ebpα, Pparγ and Ap2 gene expression NS Pparγ and C/ebpβ Cd36, Acc, Ucp2, Lpl gene expression Treatment at day 6: ↓ Pparγ, Ap2, Cd36, Fas, Acc, Ucp2 and Lpl gene expression |
| Lee and Kim (2018) [20] | Isorhamnetin 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 20, 50 μM for cell viability 0.1, 0.5, 1, 10, 20 μM for TG accumulation |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 7 days of the differentiation period |
↓ TG content ↓ Adipocyte differentiation (20 μM) |
↓ GPDH activity ↓ Pparγ and Ap2 gene expression |
| Ganbold et al. (2019) [21] | Isorhamnetin 10 and 20 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 14 days of the differentiation period |
↓ TG content (20 μM) |
Not analysed |
| Eseberri et al. (2019) [22] | Isorhamnetin 0.1, 1 and 10 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 8 days of the differentiation period Mature adipocytes treated on day 12 after differentiation for 24 h |
↓ TG content ↓ Adipocyte differentiation (10 μM) NS TG content |
NS C/ebpβ, Srebf1, C/ebpα, Dgat1, Dgat2 ↓ Bcl2 gene expression ↑ Trp3 gene expression NS Cas3 gene expression |
| Conjugated Isorhamnetin | ||||
| Kong and Seo (2012) [23] | Isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 1, 10 and 20 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes The 6 days of the differentiation period |
↓ TG content ↓ Adipocyte differentiation (all doses) |
↓ PPARγ, SREBP1, C/EBPα protein expression ↓ FAS, GLUT4, RXRα and leptin protein expression ↑ AMPK activity |
| Im et al. (2017) [24] | Isorhamnetin-3-O-d- glucuronide 5, 10 and 20 μM |
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes From day 4 to day 8 after differentiation |
↓ TG content | Not analysed |
ACC: acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; AP2: adipose fatty acid-binding protein 2; BCL2: cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2; CAS3: caspase 3; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein; CPT-1α: carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1α; DGAT: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; DKK: Dickkopf; FAS: fatty acid synthase; FZD: frizzled class receptor; GLUT4: glucose transporter member 4, GPDH: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3 β; IL-6: interleukin-6; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; LRP: LDL Receptor Related Protein; LXR-α: liver X receptor α; MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NS: not significant; PAI-1; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PGC-1: peroxisome proliferator-activated reporter gamma coactivator-1; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ; RXRα: retinoid X receptor alpha; SFRP: secreted frizzled related protein; SREBF1: sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1; SREBP1: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; TFAM: mitochondrial transcription factor A; TG: triglycerides; TRP53: transformation related protein 53; UCP2: uncoupling protein 2; WNT: wingless-type mammary tumour; ↓: decrease; ↑: increase.