Table 1.

Potential applications of HP-NAP as therapeutic agent in vaccine development, allergy treatment, and cancer immunotherapy.

Application	Disease	Form of the Therapeutic Agent	Mode of Action	References
Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines	H. pylori-infection	Recombinant protein	Antigenicity	[22,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64]
		Lactococcus lactis expressing HP-NAP		[65]
Vaccine adjuvant	Neuroblastoma	DNA cancer vaccine	Stimulation of Th1-polarizing capacity of dendritic cells Enhancement of Th1-polarized responses Enhancement of the immunogenicity of antigens	[66]
Drug candidate against allergic diseases	Allergic asthma	Recombinant protein	Suppression of pro-allergic Th2 responses Promotion of Th1 immune responses	[67,68]
		DNA plasmid expressing HP-NAP		[69]
		Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores with surface expression of HP-NAP		[70]
	Atopic dermatitis	Recombinant protein		[71]
	Peanut allergy	B. subtilis spores with surface expression of HP-NAP		[72]
Immunotherapeutic agent against cancer	Bladder cancer	Recombinant protein	Promotion of Th1 immune responses Promotion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses Promotion of M1 macrophage polarization	[73]
	Hepatoma tumor			[74]
	Sarcoma tumor			[74]
	Melanoma			[75,76]
	Breast cancer			[77]
	Breast cancer	Oncolytic virus expressing HP-NAP		[78]
	Neuroendocrine tumor			[66,79]
	Glioblastoma			[80]
	Lymphoma	Chimeric antigen receptor T cell expressing HP-NAP		[81]
	Neuroblastoma			[81]
	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma			[81]
	Colon carcinoma			[81]