Table 2.

Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for stable coronary artery disease.

miRNA	Expression Change	Sample Type	Assay Method	Number of Samples	Ethnicity	Age [Years]	Gender (Male/Female, n)	BMI [kg/m2]	Value of Biomarker AUC (95% CI); SV [%]; SP [%]	Author, Year (Reference)
miR-9-5p	Up	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (40) HC (20)	Iranian	42.36 ± 5.2 42.9 ± 4.6	19/21 4/16	N/A	0.693 (0.530–0.857) 74.07; 53.33	Gholipour et al., 2022 [260]
miR-182-5p									0.752 (0.608–0.897) 74.19; 66.67
miR-27a	Up	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (30) HC (30)	Iranian	57.6 ± 20.32 55.30 ± 8.40	Only male	24.8–30.0 24.66–27.0	0.67 (0.54–0.81) 86.7; 46.7	Hosseinpor et al., 2022 [288]
miR-146a	Down								N/A
miR-34a	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (203) HC (100)	Chinese	61.5 ± 9.4 62.0 ± 6.7	158/45 75/25	24.2 ± 3.0 23.8 ± 3.1	0.899 (0.865–0.934) 76.4; 90.0	Li et al., 2022 [282]
miR-122	Up	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (100) HC (100)	Indian	52.15 ± 1.13 50.90 ± 2.08	75/25 74/26	>26 (44.0%) >26 (33.0%)	0.806 64.0; 84.0	Ali et al., 2021 [261]
miR-126	Down								0.806 61.54; 80.0
miR-200a-3p, miR-382-3p, miR-432-5p, miR-3613-3p	Up	Plasma (exosomes)	NGS	CAD (52) HC (52)	Han Chinese	65.04 ± 10.68 60.65 ± 11.26	43/9 34/18	26.87 ± 3.80 26.42 ± 3.57	N/A	Chang et al., 2021 [250]
miR-125a-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-185-5p, miR-328-3p	Down
miR-122	Down	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (78) HC (60)	Indian	52.07 ± 9.94 50.13 ± 8.12	N/A	25.9 ± 4.8 25.2 ± 4.7	N/A	Mishra et al., 2021 [291]
miR-101a	Down	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (200) HC (100)	Chinese	62 (31–87) 1a 59 (37–80) 1c 60 (40–86)	74/26 1a 78/22 1c 73/27	N/A	N/A	Yu et al., 2021 [276]
miR-23a, miR-27a	Up	PBMC	qPCR	CAD (82) HC (80)	Iranian	60.24 ± 0.91 57.40 ± 0.94	35/47 41/39	27.60 ± 0.48 26.23 ± 0.50	N/A	Babaee et al., 2020 [289]
miR-21	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (24) HC (54)	Indian	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.780 (0.670–0.890)	Kumar et al., 2020 [262]
miR-133b	Down			CAD (28) HC (54)					0.746 (0.620–0.870)
miR-21	Up	PBMC	RT-qPCR	CAD (56) HC (29)	Turkish	58.96 ± 8.95 56.93 ± 6.35	41/15 9/20	N/A	N/A	Sanlialp et al., 2020 [248]
miR-155, miR-221	Down
miR-10a-5p	Down	Serum	sRNA-Seq, RT-qPCR	CAD (39) HC (39)	Chinese	63.1 ± 7.4 59.3 ± 6.8	21/18 21/18	24.2 ± 2.3 23.2 ± 2.2	0.817 (0.715–0.918)	Wang et al., 2020 [251]
miR-423-3p									0.656 (0.532–0.779)
miR-423-3p				CAD (30) HC (21)		63.9 ± 7.95 57.24 ± 5.35	15/15 9/12	24.57 ± 2.37 25.01 ± 2.02	0.808 (0.684–0.932)
miR-16	Down	Plasma, PBMC	RT-qPCR	CAD (40) HC (40)	Chinese	63.33 ± 5.63 61.20 ± 5.82	Only male	26.69 ± 2.85 25.85 ± 3.12	N/A	Wang et al., 2020 [281]
miR-29a-3p, miR-574-3p, miR-574-5p	Up	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (88) HC (67)	Chinese	61.66 ± 1.32 63.72 ± 0.99	55/33 40/27	26.18 ± 0.50 24.89 ± 0.68	0.916 (0.856–0.957) 2	Zhang et al., 2020 [267]
let-7i-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-32-3p, miR-3149	Up	Plasma	Microarray, RT-qPCR	CAD (40) HC (69)	Chinese	56.2 ± 7.6 55.0 ± 6.5	30/10 43/26	N/A	0.837 (0.763–0.911) 2	Zhang et al., 2020 [252]
miR-32-5p	Up	Serum (exosomes)	qPCR	CAD (20) HC (20)	Chinese	64 (52–68) 57 (52–62)	14/6 12/8	24.7 ± 2.9 24.0 ± 3.0	0.691 (0.525–0.858) 85.0; 55.0	Zhang et al., 2020 [263]
miR-149-5p									0.702 (0.536–0.869) 70.0; 75.0
miR-942-5p									0.693 (0.527–0.858) 80.0; 60.0
miR-133a-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-222-5p	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (46) HC (43)	Turkish	60.02 ± 10.01 55.26 ± 13.85	34/12 28/15	27.87 (25.04–30.43) 27.10 (24.38–29.42)	N/A	Gorur et al., 2019 [292]
miR-378	Down	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (215) HC (52)	Chinese	61 ± 10 61 ± 12	153/62 30/22	23 ± 10 22 ± 10	0.789 (0.728–0.851)	Li et al., 2019 [283]
miR-451b	Up	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (30) HC (30)	Chinese	46–59 45–58	15/15 15/15	N/A	N/A	Lin et al., 2019 [273]
miR-30c	Down	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (34) HC (32)	Han Chinese	60.9 ± 5.3 58.6 ± 8.1	18/16 17/15	24.57 ± 3.01 24.49 ± 2.30	0.895 (0.811–0.978)	Luo et al., 2019 [224]
miR-33	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (30) HC (30)	Indian	54.7 ± 8.7 56.17 ± 9.18	15/15 15/15	26.67 ± 3.7 27.47 ± 4.35	N/A	Reddy et al., 2019 [287]
miR-30e, miR-92a	Up	Plasma (exosomes)	RT-qPCR	CAD (42) HC (42)	Chinese	63 63	22/20 22/20	N/A	N/A	Wang et al., 2019 [293]
miR-206	Up	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (100) HC (30)	Iranian	57 ± 9 55 ± 8	87/13 16/14	27.78 ± 3.45 27.45 ± 2.09	N/A	Zehtabian et al., 2019 [290]
miR-342-5p	Up	PBMC	qPCR	CAD (82) HC (80)	Iranian	60.10 ± 0.89 57.86 ± 0.97	35/47 41/39	27.56 ± 0.47 26.14 ± 0.49	0.702 (0.620–0.783)	Ahmadi et al., 2018 [295]
miR-20a, miR-92a, miR-223	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (19) HC (6)	Australian	65.2 ± 10.7 59.0 ± 5.1	19/0 5/1	N/A	N/A	Choteau et al., 2018 [294]
miR-223	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (300) HC (100)	Chinese	56.2	N/A	N/A	0.933 (0.905–0.961)86.0; 91.3	Guo et al., 2018 [264]
miR-155	Up	Serum	RT-qPCR	CAD (300) HC (100)	Chinese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Qiu et al., 2018 [249]
miR-126	Down	PBMC	qPCR	CAD (119) HC (96)	Chinese	59 ± 11 57 ± 10	36/83 27/69	24.6 ± 3.9 23.8 ± 3.4	0.801 (0.740–0.861) 70.6; 85.4	Wu at al., 2018 [279]
miR-221-3p	Down	Serum	qPCR	CAD (89) HC (93)	Turkish	58.97 ± 13.79 57.07 ± 9.80	N/A	NS	0.623 (0.539–0.702) 76.27; 49.43	Yilmaz et al., 2018 [265]
miR-222-3p									0.654 (0.571–0.731) 69.49; 54.02
miR-17-5p, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-210, miR-378	Down	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (102) HC (92)	Chinese	60.2 ± 11.4 57.9 ± 14.8	21/81 26/66	24.2 ± 3.7 23.6 ± 3.5	0.756 (0.687–0.725) 2 84.3; 60.9	Zhang et al., 2018 [268]
miR-24, miR-33a, miR-103a, miR-122	Up	PBMC	RT-qPCR	CAD (161) HC (149)	Chinese	61.35 ± 7.10 61.08 ± 7.51	86/75 72/77	25.77 ± 3.06 24.81 ± 3.29	0.911 (0.880–0.942) 2 84.5; 81.9	Dong et al., 2017 [269]
let-7c, miR-145, miR-155	Down	Plasma	OpenArray RT-qPCR, RT-qPCR	CAD (69) HC (32)	French (South-western)	58.4 ± 9.0 57.3 ± 11.6	Only male	27.3 ± 4.4 26.6 ± 3.1	0.708 (0.600–0.811) 2 75.76; 63.33	Faccini et al., 2017 [253]
miR-126, miR-143, miR-145 3	Up	PBMC	RT-qPCR	CAD (450) HC (450)	Chinese	< 60 (26.8%/25.6%) 60–80 (68.0%/67.8%) ≥ 80 (5.2%/6.7%)	234/216 215/235	18.5–24.9 (89.9%/94.3%) 25.0–29.9 (10.1%/5.7%)	N/A	Lin et al., 2017 [275]
miR-208a	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (290) HC (110)	Chinese	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.919 (0.893–0.945) 75.5; 93.6	Zhang et al., 2017 [278]
miR-133a	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (79) HC (63)	Chinese	58 ± 12 55 ± 11	57/22 39/24	24.8 ± 4.12 24.0 ± 3.7	0.597 (0.504–0.691) 29.1; 92.5	Zhu, 2017 [284]
miR-145-3p	Down	Serum	miSript miRNA PCR Array, RT-qPCR	CAD (40) HC (40)	Han Chinese	34.20 ± 5.93 36.58 ± 3.96	37/3 36/4	28.01 ± 4.90 27.33 ± 2.75	0.753 (0.643–0.863) 67.50; 82.10	Du et al., 2016 [254]
miR-190a-5p									0.782 (0.680–0.884) 70.00; 75.00
miR-196b-5p									0.824 (0.731–0.917) 85.00; 72.50
miR-3163-3p									0.758 (0.651–0.864) 57.50; 84.60
miR-126-5p	Down	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (110) HC (40)	Chinese	66.5 ± 11.7 1a 67.4 ± 9.7 1b 68.9 ± 11.3 1c 64.0 ± 10.4	67/43 28/12	24.9 ± 2.7 1a 24.4 ± 3.0 1b 25.2 ± 3.2 1c 23.9 ± 3.5	N/A	Li et al., 2016 [285]
miR-208a, miR-370	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (95) HC (50)	Chinese	65 (44–78) 65 (46–75)	65/30 34/16	23 (20–26) 22 (20–24)	0.856 (0.796–0.917) 2 73.7; 86.0	Liu et al., 2016 [270]
miR-15a-5p	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (50) HC (50)	Irish	65 ± 9 60 ± 13	43/7 42/8	27.69 ± 3.31 26.96 ± 2.96	0.67	O’Sullivan et al., 2016 [266]
miR-16-5p									0.68
miR-93-5p									0.75
miR-146a-5p	Down								0.65
miR-206	Up	Plasma	Microarray, RT-qPCR	CAD (67) HC (67)	Chinese	64.70 ± 6.79 63.69 ± 5.96	43/24 32/35	N/A	0.607 (0.508–0.706)	Zhou et al., 2016 [255]
miR-574-5p									0.696 (0.609–0.787)
miR-765	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (37) HC (20)	Chinese	72.97 ± 4.28 71.7 ± 5.2	25/12 10/10	23.08 ± 3.03 22.29 ± 1.49	0.959	Ali Sheikh et al., 2015 [272]
miR-149	Down								0.938
miR-765	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (65) HC (32)	Chinese	53 (49–57) 53 (49–57)	38/27 16/16	22 (19–25) 22 (20–23)	0.968 (0.939–0.996) 81.5; 93.7	Ali Sheikh et al., 2015 [274]
miR-149	Down								0.938 (0.894–0.983) 71.8; 95.3
miR-424									0.919 (0.863–0.975) 68.7; 92.3
miR-17-5p	Up	Plasma	qPCR	CAD (59) NS-CAD (33) HC (20)	Chinese	65.07 ± 10.55 65.23 ± 7.46 55.90 ± 4.72	40/19 18/15 7/13	N/A	0.894 (0.780–0.968)	Chen et al., 2015 [280]
miR-145	Down	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (26) HC (28)	Chinese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Gao et al., 2015 [286]
miR-21, miR-34a	Up	Plasma	Microarray (mice), RT-qPCR	CAD (32) HC (20)	Chinese	67 ± 11 62 ± 8	Only male	24.1 ± 3.7 23.6 ± 4.0	N/A	Han et al., 2015 [256]
miR-23a	Down
miR-2909	Up	PBMC	RT-qPCR	CAD (80) HC (20)	Iranian	50 ± 4 49 ± 8	Only male	N/A	N/A	Arora et al., 2014 [277]
miR-208, miR-215, miR-487a, miR-502	Up	Serum	TLDA, RT-qPCR	CAD (92) HC (34)	Chinese	65.2 ± 10.5 59.4 ± 13.1	53/39 15/19	25.83 ± 1.48 24.82 ± 2.72	0.909 (0.858–0.960) 2 83.7; 82.4	Wang et al., 2014 [257]
miR-29b	Down
miR-1	Up	Plasma	Microarray, RT-qPCR	CAD (34) HC (20)	Italian	60.0 ± 10.6 62.5 ± 2.1	30/4 19/1	N/A	0.918	D’Alessandra et al., 2013 [258]
miR-126									0.929
miR-485-3p									0.851
miR-340, miR-624	Up	Platelet	Microarray, RT-qPCR	CAD (40) HC (40)	Dutch	51.4 ± 4.7 51.0 ± 4.6	Only male	N/A	0.71 (0.59–0.83) 2 (combined with miR-451, miR-454)	Sondermeijer et al., 2011 [259]
miR-133	Up	Plasma	RT-qPCR	CAD (36) HC (17)	German	67.69 ± 11.07 32.18 ± 8.78	25/11 6/11	> 25 (38.7%) > 25 (23.5%)	N/A	Fichtlscherer et al., 2010 [247]
miR-17, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-145, miR-155, miR-199a	Down
miR-17, miR-92a, miR-126, miR-145, miR-155	Down	Serum		CAD (31) HC (14)		68.06 ± 9.66 39.28 ± 17.52	21/10 5/9	N/A

^1a Syntax Score ≤ 22; ^1b Syntax Score > 22 and ≤ 32; ^1c Syntax Score > 32; ² values for miRNA panel; ³ miRNA assessed for 70 patients from CAD and HC groups. miRNA—microRNA; CAD—coronary artery disease; HC—healthy controls; PBMC—peripheral blood mononuclear cell; qPCR—quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; RT-qPCR—reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; NGS—next-generation sequencing; sRNA-Seq—small RNA sequencing; TLDA—TaqMan Low Density Array; BMI—body mass index; AUC—area under the curve; 95% CI—95% confidence interval; SV—sensitivity; SP—specificity; NS—non-significant; N/A—not assessed.