Figure 1.

The impacts of various obesogenic challenges on skeletal muscle structure, function, and energy metabolism. Major causes of obesity include aging, a lifestyle of chronic high-calorie diets, genetic predisposition, and circadian disruption. Studies from human and animal models (mice and flies) show that the above-mentioned obesogenic challenges have common and distinct impacts on skeletal muscle structure, function, and metabolism. As muscle phenotypes are genotype-dependent in genetically obese models, only observations from ob/ob, M4RKO mutant mice, and Sk2 flies are included. Moreover, as circadian disruption can be induced by light, feeding patterns, and clock gene manipulation, muscle phenotypes can be approach dependent. Images created in Biorender.