Table 1.
Correlations of CSF AD biomarkers with macro- and microelements.
| In CSF | p-tau181 | p-tau199 | p-tau231 | VILIP-1 | YKL-40 | S100B | NFL | PAPP-A | Aβ1–42, Aβ1–42/p-tau181 or Albumin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | rS = 0.26, p < 0.001(193) *B |
rs = 0.258, p < 0.001 (193) *F |
rs = 0.236, p = 0.001 (193) *C |
rs = 0.407, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.32, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.286, p < 0.001 (158) *E |
rs = 0.344, p < 0.001 (118)* |
rs = 0.243, p = 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.314, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin)* |
| Cu | rs = 0.321, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.334, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.303, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.537, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.309, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.483, p < 0.001 (158)* |
rs = 0.323, p < 0.001 (118)* |
rs = 0.435, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.439, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin)* |
| S | rs = 0.246, p = 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.322, p < 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.549, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.394, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.611, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.381, p < 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.523, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.49, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin)* r = −0.25, p < 0.001 (192) (Aβ1–42/p-tau181) *B |
|
| K | rS = 0.239, p = 0.001 (193) *G |
rs = 0.27, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.541, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.26, p < 0.001 (178) *C |
rs = 0.311, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.302, p = 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.288, p < 0.001 (178)* |
||
| Se | rs = 0.466, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.399, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.344, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.614, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.277, p < 0.001 (178) *H |
rs = 0.398, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.322, p < 0.001 (178)* |
r = 0.294, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin) *B |
|
| Co | rS = 0.223, p = 0.002 (193) *B |
rs = 0.359, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.446, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.284, p < 0.001 (179) *A |
rs = 0.42, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.315, p < 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.476, p < 0.001 (177)* |
r = 0.349, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin) *A |
|
| Mn | rs = 0.23, p = 0.001 (193) *B |
rs = 0.261, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.33, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.274, p < 0.001 (159) *B |
rs = 0.318, p < 0.001 (178)* |
||||
| Ni (CSF) | rs = 0.253, p < 0.001 (188)* |
r = 0.307, p < 0.001 (188)* |
rs = 0.309, p < 0.001 (188)* |
rs = 0.252, p = 0.001 (178) *C |
rs = 0.306, p < 0.001 (173)* |
rs = 0.29, p < 0.001 (139) (albumin) *C |
|||
| Ni (plasma) | r = 0.353, p < 0.001 (123)* |
r = 0.376 p < 0.001 (135)* |
rs = 0.288, p = 0.001 (134) (albumin)* |
||||||
| Na (CSF) | rs = 0.3, p < 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.590, p < 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.356, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.422, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.325, p < 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.338, p < 0.001 (178)* |
|||
| Na (plasma) | r = 0.321, p < 0.001 (123) |
||||||||
| Mg | rs = 0.255, p < 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.550, p < 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.29, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.37, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.366, p < 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.345, p < 0.001 (178)* |
|||
| As | rs = 0.384, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.521, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.32, p < 0.001 (177)* |
rs = 0.344, p < 0.001 (157)* |
|||||
| Hg | rs = 0.228, p = 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.262, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.347, p < 0.001 (192)* |
rs = 0.331, p < 0.001 (117)* |
|||||
| Tl | r = 0.233, p = 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.253, p < 0.001 (193)* |
rs = 0.299, p < 0.001 (159)* |
r = 0.334, p < 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.37, p < 0.001 (178)* |
||||
| P | rs = 0.444, p < 0.001 (76)* |
rs = 0.506, p < 0.001 (72)* |
rs = 0.825, p < 0.001 (37)* |
rs = 0.382, p < 0.001 (82)* |
rS = 0.414, p < 0.001 (89) (Aβ)* |
||||
| Li (CSF) | rs = 0.227, p = 0.001 (193) *A |
rs = 0.281, p < 0.001 (178)* |
rs = 0.368, p < 0.001 (159) *B |
rs = 0.290, p = 0.001 (119)* |
rs = 0.318, p < 0.001 (178) *A |
||||
| Li (plasma) | r = −0.413, p < 0.001 (123) |
r = −0.47 p < 0.001 (135) |
rs = −0.287, p = 0.001 (134) (albumin) A |
||||||
| Zn | r = 0.327, p < 0.001 (193)* |
r = 0.376, p < 0.001 (158)* |
r = 0.295, p = 0.001 (118)* |
r = 0.322, p < 0.001 (178)* |
r = 0.375, p < 0.001 (142) (albumin) |
||||
| Mo | r = 0.408, p < 0.001 (193)* |
r = 0.269, p < 0.001 (178)* |
r = 0.29, p < 0.001 (159)* |
r = 0.336, p < 0.001 (178)* |
|||||
| Ba | r = 0.25, p < 0.001 (191) *B |
r = 0.374, p < 0.001 (157) |
r = 0.294, p = 0.001 (117) B |
||||||
| Ca | rs = 0.404, p < 0.001 (193) |
rs = 0.295, p < 0.001 (159)* |
rs = 0.342, p < 0.001 (119) * |
r = 0.25, p = 0.001 (178) |
|||||
| B | rs = 0.258, p < 0.001 (193) *B |
rs = 0.299, p = 0.001 (119) *B |
|||||||
| Pb | r = −0.285, p < 0.001 (178)* |
||||||||
| Sr | r = 0.405, p < 0.001 (119)* |
Data are presented as either Spearman’s or Pearson’s correlation coefficients and p-values, with the number of participants given in the brackets; (* p ≤ 0.001). A Significance was lost after correction for the effect of age, gender, diagnosis, and duration of the disease. Statistically significant after correction for the confounding effect of: B age, gender, and diagnosis; C gender, diagnosis, and duration of the disease; D age and gender; E diagnosis and duration of the disease; F diagnosis; G gender; H gender and diagnosis. Aβ1–42, amyloid β1–42; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NFL, neurofilament light chain; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; p-tau181, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181; p-tau231, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231; p-tau199, tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199; S100B, S100 calcium-binding protein B; VILIP-1, Visinin-like protein 1; YKL-40, chitinase-3-like protein 1.