Table 4.
Results of linear regression analysis; comparison of factors obtained by PCA of CSF macro- and microelements with CSF AD biomarkers.
| Factor | CSF AD Biomarker | Linear Regression Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Factor 2 (Al, Cd, and Pb) |
p-tau181 | β = 0.321, SE = 3.064, p < 0.001 |
| p-tau231 | β = 0.375, SE = 0.263, p < 0.001 | |
| VILIP-1 | β = 0.173, SE = 5.531, p = 0.007 | |
| PAPP-A | β = 0.21, SE = 8.659, p = 0.005 | |
| albumin | β = 0.231, SE = 12.494, p = 0.007 | |
| Aβ1–42/p-tau181 | β = −0.192, SE = 0.873, p = 0.009 | |
| Factor 1 (As, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, S, Se, Sr, Tl, and Zn) |
p-tau199 | β = 0.331, SE = 0.262, p < 0.001 |
| VILIP-1 | β = 0.495, SE = 5.531, p < 0.001 | |
| YKL-40 | β = 0.205, SE = 7663.241, p = 0.007 | |
| S100B | β = 0.24, SE = 30.022, p = 0.002 | |
| PAPP-A | β = 0.148, SE = 7.893, p = 0.041 | |
| Factor 3 (B and Li) |
S100B | β = 0.259, SE = 31.29, p = 0.001 |
| NFL | β = 0.285, SE = 6.257, p = 0.001 | |
| PAPP-A | β = 0.275, SE = 8.551, p < 0.001 | |
| Factor 5 (Hg and Mo) | NFL | β = 0.312, SE = 6.388, p < 0.001 |
Aβ1–42, amyloid β; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NFL, neurofilament light chain; PAPP-A, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; p-tau181, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 181; p-tau231, tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231; p-tau199, tau protein phosphorylated at serine 199; S100B, S100 calcium-binding protein B; VILIP-1, Visinin-like protein 1; YKL-40, chitinase-3-like protein 1.