Table 1.
Hospitalization outcome cohort—Characteristics of patients in the prevention study after PSM.
| Variables | No. Pts | Overall | No. Pts | HA Group | No. Pts | Control Group |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 602 | 58.26 (21.14–87.82) 59.15 ± 11.85 |
301 | 58.46 (21.14–87.82) 59.12 ± 12.02 |
301 | 57.69 (29.66–86.00) 59.17 ± 11.69 |
0.916 |
| Sex (male) (%) | 602 | 389 (64.60%) | 301 | 192 (63.80%) | 301 | 197 (65.40%) | 0.670 |
| Etiology of liver cirrhosis | |||||||
| HBV (%) | 602 | 265 (44.00%) | 301 | 145 (48.20%) | 301 | 120 (39.90%) | 0.040 |
| HCV (%) | 602 | 57 (9.50%) | 301 | 33 (11.00%) | 301 | 24 (8.00%) | 0.210 |
| Alcohol (%) | 602 | 175 (29.10%) | 301 | 88 (29.20%) | 301 | 87 (28.90%) | 0.928 |
| HCC (%) | 602 | 167 (27.70%) | 301 | 80 (26.60%) | 301 | 87 (28.90%) | 0.524 |
| Hypokalemia (%) | 602 | 73 (12.10%) | 301 | 36 (12.00%) | 301 | 37 (12.30%) | 0.901 |
| AUGIB (%) | 602 | 177 (29.40%) | 301 | 88 (29.20%) | 301 | 89 (29.60%) | 0.929 |
| Infection (%) | 602 | 197 (32.70%) | 301 | 95 (31.60%) | 301 | 102 (33.90%) | 0.543 |
| Ascites (%) | 602 | 349 (58.00%) | 301 | 176 (58.50%) | 301 | 173 (57.50%) | 0.804 |
| Paracentesis * (%) | 602 | 43 (7.10%) | 301 | 18 (6.00%) | 301 | 25 (8.30%) | 0.268 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||||
| Hb (g/L) | 602 | 92.00 (27.00–169.00) 93.84 ± 28.00 |
301 | 91.00 (29.00–164.00) 91.83 ± 26.89 |
301 | 93.00 (27.00–169.00) 95.84 ± 28.97 |
0.132 |
| WBC (109/L) | 602 | 4.10 (0.50–33.50) 5.18 ± 3.94 |
301 | 4.00 (0.90–30.20) 4.96 ± 3.61 |
301 | 4.20 (0.50–33.50) 5.41 ± 4.24 |
0.342 |
| PLT (109/L) | 602 | 76.50 (9.00–775.00) 97.62 ± 81.23 |
301 | 74.00 (16.00–394.00) 89.86 ± 57.31 |
301 | 78.00 (9.00–775.00) 105.37 ± 99.06 |
0.327 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 602 | 24.65 (3.40–576.40) 40.77 ± 59.28 |
301 | 23.40 (3.40–423.50) 34.62 ± 46.53 |
301 | 26.70 (5.10–576.40) 46.92 ± 69.27 |
0.048 |
| ALB (g/L) | 602 | 30.60 (10.00–53.90) 31.11 ± 6.56 |
301 | 29.30 (13.50–48.50) 29.75 ± 6.42 |
301 | 32.30 (10.00–53.90) 32.47 ± 6.41 |
<0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 602 | 27.50 (4.00–1460.00) 51.84 ± 117.83 |
301 | 27.00 (4.00–730.00) 43.86 ± 58.71 |
301 | 28.00 (6.00–1460.00) 59.82 ± 155.69 |
0.882 |
| AKP (U/L) | 602 | 92.00 (1.30–782.00) 119.85 ± 93.81 |
301 | 91.80 (7.05–782.00) 122.82 ± 107.90 |
301 | 92.20 (1.30–511.00) 116.89 ± 77.27 |
0.437 |
| Scr (μmol/L) | 602 | 61.80 (2.60–742.00) 76.22 ± 66.70 |
301 | 62.00 (24.00–742.00) 75.20 ± 58.27 |
301 | 61.00 (2.60–715.00) 77.23 ± 74.26 |
0.688 |
| K (mmol/L) | 602 | 4.05 (2.05–6.14) 4.04 ± 0.52 |
301 | 4.03 (2.65–5.57) 4.04 ± 0.49 |
301 | 4.07 (2.05–6.14) 4.04 ± 0.55 |
0.849 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 602 | 139.30 (135.00–145.00) 139.39 ± 2.57 |
301 | 139.50 (135.00–145.00) 139.50 ± 2.52 |
301 | 139.10 (135.00–145.00) 139.29 ± 2.61 |
0.294 |
| PT (seconds) | 602 | 15.80 (11.00–51.00) 16.60 ± 4.16 |
301 | 16.00 (11.00–33.70) 16.48 ± 3.29 |
301 | 15.50 (11.30–51.00) 16.71 ± 4.89 |
0.349 |
| INR | 602 | 1.27 (0.79–11.70) 1.39 ± 0.65 |
301 | 1.28 (0.79–3.28) 1.35 ± 0.36 |
301 | 1.24 (0.82–11.70) 1.43 ± 0.85 |
0.634 |
| Child–Pugh score | 602 | 8 (5–14) 7.92 ± 1.91 |
301 | 8 (5–14) 7.89 ± 1.78 |
301 | 8 (5–13) 7.96 ± 2.03 |
0.929 |
| MELD score | 602 | 6.92 (−21.42–44.70) 8.03 ± 6.76 |
301 | 6.77 (−5.62–26.86) 7.69 ± 5.90 |
301 | 7.24 (−21.42–44.70) 8.37 ± 7.51 |
0.561 |
| Treatments | |||||||
| Desmopressin (%) | 602 | 46 (7.60%) | 301 | 18 (6.00%) | 301 | 28 (9.30%) | 0.125 |
| Terlipressin (%) | 602 | 0 | 301 | 0 | 301 | 0 | \ |
| Furosemide (%) | 602 | 390 (64.80%) | 301 | 196 (65.10%) | 301 | 194 (64.50%) | 0.864 |
| Torasemide (%) | 602 | 249 (41.40%) | 301 | 133 (44.20%) | 301 | 116 (38.50%) | 0.159 |
| Spironolactone (%) | 602 | 302 (50.20%) | 301 | 156 (51.80%) | 301 | 146 (48.50%) | 0.415 |
| Hydrochlorothiazide (%) | 602 | 4 (0.70%) | 301 | 3 (1.00%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 0.316 |
| Bumetanide (%) | 602 | 8 (1.30%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 1.000 |
| Tolvaptan (%) | 602 | 2 (0.30%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 301 | 1 (0.30%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertonic saline # (%) | 602 | 10 (1.70%) | 301 | 4 (1.30%) | 301 | 6 (2.00%) | 0.524 |
| K supplement (%) | 602 | 434 (72.10%) | 301 | 219 (72.80%) | 301 | 215 (71.40%) | 0.716 |
| HA dosage (g) | 301 | 30 (10–530) 46.84 ± 46.42 |
301 | 30 (10–530) 46.84 ± 46.42 |
NA | NA | \ |
| Incidence of hyponatremia (%) | 602 | 175 (29.10%) | 301 | 49 (16.30%) | 301 | 126 (41.90%) | <0.001 |
Notes: * Data regarding use of paracentesis were extracted before the development of hyponatremia. # Data regarding use of hypertonic saline were extracted before the development of hyponatremia. Abbreviations: PSM: propensity score matching; Pts: patients; HA: human albumin; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; AUGIB: acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Hb: hemoglobin; WBC: white blood cell; PLT: platelet; TBIL: total bilirubin; ALB: albumin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AKP: alkaline phosphatase; Scr: serum creatinine; K: potassium; Na: sodium; PT: prothrombin time; INR: international normalized ratio; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; NA: not applicable.