. 2022 Dec 31;12(1):319. doi: 10.3390/jcm12010319

Table 7.

Means, effect sizes, and Mann–Whitney U-test results for the comparison of the self-reported RPQ total and scale scores with regard to sociodemographic and injury-related characteristics.

Variable	Scale	Group	n	M	Md	Cliff’s δ	W	p
Sex	Total score	Male	83	6.41	3	−0.19	2044	0.022
	Total score	Female	61	10.54	8	−0.19	2044	0.022
	Cognitive	Male	83	1.82	0	−0.13	2214.5	0.077 ^☨
	Cognitive	Female	61	2.59	0	−0.13	2214.5	0.077 ^☨
	Emotional	Male	83	1.55	0	−0.23	1953	0.005 ^☨
	Emotional	Female	61	3.23	2	−0.23	1953	0.005 ^☨
	Somatic	Male	83	3.04	2	−0.15	2156.5	0.055 ^☨
	Somatic	Female	61	4.72	2	−0.15	2156.5	0.055 ^☨
TBI severity	Total score	Mild	107	7.80	4	−0.12	1795	0.137
	Total score	Moderate—Severe	38	9.18	6	−0.12	1795	0.137
	Cognitive	Mild	107	1.69	0	−0.28	1473.5	0.003 ^☨
	Cognitive	Moderate—Severe	38	3.37	3	−0.28	1473.5	0.003 ^☨
	Emotional	Mild	107	2.24	0	−0.02	1994	0.424 ^☨
	Emotional	Moderate—Severe	38	2.26	0	−0.02	1994	0.424 ^☨
	Somatic	Mild	107	3.87	2	−0.04	1961	0.368 ^☨
	Somatic	Moderate—Severe	38	3.55	2	−0.04	1961	0.368 ^☨
KOSCHI score	Total score	5b	123	5.09	4	−1.02	1534.5	<0.001
	Total score	<5b	22	13.15	12.5	−1.02	1534.5	<0.001
	Cognitive	5b	123	1.48	0	−1.15	1703	0.002 ^☨
	Cognitive	<5b	22	3.98	3.5	−1.15	1703	0.002 ^☨
	Emotional	5b	123	1.26	0	−0.60	1718.5	0.003 ^☨
	Emotional	<5b	22	3.06	2.5	−0.60	1718.5	0.003 ^☨
	Somatic	5b	123	2.36	2	−0.83	1505.5	<0.001 ^☨
	Somatic	<5b	22	6.11	3.5	−0.83	1505.5	<0.001 ^☨
GAD-7	Total score	<5	110	5.57	2	−1.10	1034.5	<0.001
	Total score	≥5	37	15.26	14	−1.10	1034.5	<0.001
	Cognitive	<5	110	1.45	0	−0.97	1120.5	<0.001 ^☨
	Cognitive	≥5	37	4.17	5	−0.97	1120.5	<0.001 ^☨
	Emotional	<5	110	1.44	0	−1.00	1090	<0.001 ^☨
	Emotional	≥5	37	4.54	3	−1.00	1090	<0.001 ^☨
	Somatic	<5	110	2.68	0	−0.82	1180.5	<0.001 ^☨
	Somatic	≥5	37	6.54	5	−0.82	1180.5	<0.001 ^☨
PHQ-9	Total score	<5	89	5.45	2	−0.69	1619	<0.001
	Total score	≥5	58	11.82	9	−0.69	1619	<0.001
	Cognitive	<5	89	1.38	0	−0.65	1769	0.001 ^☨
	Cognitive	≥5	58	3.27	2	−0.65	1769	0.001 ^☨
	Emotional	<5	89	1.41	0	−0.62	1651	<0.001 ^☨
	Emotional	≥5	58	3.43	2	−0.62	1651	<0.001 ^☨
	Somatic	<5	89	2.66	0	−0.51	1785.5	0.002 ^☨
	Somatic	≥5	58	5.12	4	−0.51	1785.5	0.002 ^☨

^☨ Bonferroni-adjusted significance level for scale comparisons was 5%/3 = 1.67%. Note. TBI = traumatic brain injury, KOSCHI = Kings Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury, GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale 7, PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9, n = sample size, M = mean, W = Mann–Whitney U-test statistic, p = p-value in difference test, Cliff’s δ = effect statistic: δ < |0.28| (small), |0.28| < δ < |0.43| (medium), and δ ≥ |0.43| (large). Values in italics indicate large effects. Negative values indicate greater impairment in individuals with less favorable recovery or more severely rated symptoms. p-values in bold indicate significant results (either on 5% or on 1.67% α level).