Figure 7.

(a) A schematic of the FRESH process showing the hydrogel (green) being extruded and cross-linked within the gelatin slurry support bath (yellow). The 3D object is built layer-by-layer and, when completed, is released by heating to 37 °C and melting the gelatin, reported by Hinton et al. Reprinted from Ref. [75]. (b) A FRESH-printed collagen heart (left), and cross-sectional view of the collagen heart (right), showing the left and right ventricles and interior structures, reported by Lee et al. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright © 2023, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (c) Schematic description of the acoustic printing device, based on surface acoustic waves (SAW), reported by Naseer et al. Reprinted from Ref. [77]. (d) Sound-induced morphogenesis (SIM) based on Faraday waves, (i–v) are schematic diagrams of the formation of vascular network, reported by Petta et al. Reprinted from Ref. [78]. (e) Stereolithography bioprinting of branch blood vessels. (f) A vascularized alveolar model topology, reported by Grigoryan et al. Reprinted from Ref. [79]. (g) A liver model with smooth surface and monolithic, translucent hydrogel body, in which, a vascular channel network was filled, stained with rhodamine B and visualized under fluorescence, reported by Anandakrishnan et al. Adapted from Ref. [80].