Table 1.

The commonly used polymers in vascular model printing.

Biomaterial	Advantage	Deficiency	Application	Reference
Gelatin	Excellent biocompatibility, good cell adhesion, physical crosslinking properties	Low shape fidelity, especially unstable at temperatures suitable for cell growth, and low mechanical strength	Modification such as methacryloyl anhydride, or cross-linking, enhances its mechanical strength and printing resolution	[26,50,99,100,101,102,103,104,105]
PU	Excellent histocompatibility, super mechanical strength	Cells cannot be encapsulated directly	3D printing vascular networks, bioartificial liver manufacturing	[106,107,108,109,110,111]
PLGA	Poor biocompatibility, middle mechanical properties	Cells cannot be encapsulated directly	3D printing vascular networks, bioartificial liver manufacturing	[112,113,114,115]
Alginate	Shear thinning properties, very short time polymerizable, porous properties	Poor biocompatibility, low cell adhesion properties	Often mixed with gelatin, hyaluronic acid, etc. for printing; as a sacrificial material for vascular stents	[47,53,116,117]
Fibrinogen	Excellent biocompatibility, good cell adhesion	Low mechanical strength, fast degradation rate	Commonly used for thrombin cross-linking, blending or double cross-linking with gelatin, sodium alginate, etc.	[118,119]
Hyaluronic Acid	High water absorption, excellent biocompatibility, low molecular weight have the ability to promote cell proliferation	Low mechanical strength and poor formability	Modification such as methacryloyl anhydride, or compounded with other materials	[101,120,121,122]
dECM	Promotes cell adhesion, proliferation and functionalization, especially has a certain antithrombotic effect	Low mechanical strength, slow gelation, complicated preparation process	Often used with fast cross-linking materials such as sodium alginate	[123,124,125,126,127]
Pluronic ® F127	High resolution printing, special temperature sensitive properties	Low mechanical strength, fast degradation rate	As a sacrificial material for vascular stents	[26,63,68,128]