Fig 2. Medication pair and isolated medications.

1) Medication pairs are combinations of two medications administered during one ICU admission with a time interval of ≤24 hours. For example, medications 1 and 2 together and any combination of Medications 3, 4, and 5 are considered pairs. However, none of medications 1, 2 can form a pair with medications 3, 4, and 5, as they are not administered within 24 hours. 2) Isolated medications are not administered with any other medications in pairs, i.e., within 24 hours. For example, medication 3 is an isolated medication, as there are no other medications (medications 1, 2, 4, and 5) administered 24 hours before or after its administration.