Table 1. Patient characteristics, comorbidity, visit details, anthropometric/laboratory values by mechanical ventilation status.
| Total (n = 17,562) | Did Not Receive Mechanical Ventilation (n = 16,431) | Received Mechanical Ventilation (n = 1,131) | Comparison p-value ‡ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month of Initial Admission | March, 2020 | 2,984 (17.0%) | 2,574 (15.7%) | 410 (36.3%) | < .001 | |
| April, 2020 | 5,614 (32.0%) | 5,252 (32.0%) | 362 (32.0%) | |||
| May, 2020 | 1,184 (6.7%) | 1,142 (7.0%) | 42 (3.7%) | |||
| June, 2020 | 429 (2.4%) | 413 (2.5%) | 16 (1.4%) | |||
| July, 2020 | 307 (1.7%) | 295 (1.8%) | 12 (1.1%) | |||
| August, 2020 | 227 (1.3%) | 217 (1.3%) | 10 (0.8%) | |||
| September, 2020 | 251 (1.4%) | 238 (1.4%) | 13 (1.1%) | |||
| October, 2020 | 415 (2.4%) | 399 (2.4%) | 16 (1.4%) | |||
| November, 2020 | 960 (5.5%) | 919 (5.6%) | 41 (3.6%) | |||
| December, 2020 | 2,221 (12.6%) | 2,138 (13.0%) | 83 (7.3%) | |||
| January, 2021 | 2,970 (16.9%) | 2,844 (17.3%) | 126 (11.1%) | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age; Median (IQR) | 63 (25) | 63 (26) | 63 (19) | .101 | ||
| Sex | Female | 8,280 (47.1%) | 7,878 (47.9%) | 402 (35.5%) | < .001 | |
| Male | 9,282 (52.9%) | 8,553 (52.1%) | 729 (64.5%) | |||
| Race | White | 7,597 (43.3%) | 7,148 (43.5%) | 449 (39.7%) | < .001 | |
| Black | 3,231 (18.4%) | 3,056 (18.6%) | 175 (15.5%) | |||
| Asian | 1,479 (8.4%) | 1,367 (8.3%) | 112 (9.9%) | |||
| Other/Multiracial | 4,505 (25.7%) | 4,172 (25.4%) | 333 (29.4%) | |||
| Unknown | 750 (4.3%) | 688 (4.2%) | 62 (5.5%) | |||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic/Latinx | 3,411 (19.4%) | 3,157 (19.2%) | 254 (22.5%) | < .001 | |
| Non-Hispanic | 13,164 (75.0%) | 12,373 (75.3%) | 791 (69.9%) | |||
| Other/Unknown | 987 (5.6%) | 901 (5.5%) | 86 (7.6%) | |||
| Insurance | Commercial | 6,156 (35.1%) | 5,736 (34.9%) | 420 (37.1%) | .033 | |
| Medicare | 7,185 (40.9%) | 6,769 (41.2%) | 416 (36.8%) | |||
| Medicaid | 3,809 (21.7%) | 3,537 (21.5%) | 272 (24.0%) | |||
| Self-Pay | 114 (0.6%) | 109 (0.7%) | 5 (0.4%) | |||
| Other | 298 (1.7%) | 280 (1.7%) | 18 (1.6%) | |||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Smoking Status | Current | 435 (2.5%) | 417 (2.5%) | 18 (1.6%) | < .001 | |
| Former | 1,975 (11.2%) | 1,859 (11.3%) | 116 (10.3%) | |||
| Never | 12,990 (74.0%) | 12,291 (74.8%) | 699 (61.8%) | |||
| Unknown | 1,938 (11.0%) | 1,664 (10.1%) | 274 (24.2%) | |||
| Missing | 224 (1.3%) | 200 (1.2%) | 24 (2.1%) | |||
| Asthma | 1,235 (7.0%) | 1,144 (7.0%) | 91 (8.0%) | .187 | ||
| COPD | 1,022 (5.8%) | 958 (5.8%) | 64 (5.7%) | .863 | ||
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 563 (3.2%) | 509 (3.1%) | 54 (4.8%) | .003 | ||
| Hypertension | 8,682 (49.4%) | 8,066 (49.1%) | 616 (54.5%) | .001 | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 280 (1.6%) | 239 (1.5%) | 41 (3.6%) | < .001 | ||
| Heart Failure | 1,411 (8.0%) | 1,297 (7.9%) | 114 (10.1%) | .010 | ||
| Stroke / Ischemic Disease | 242 (1.4%) | 220 (1.3%) | 22 (1.9%) | .119 | ||
| Aortic Aneurysm | 57 (0.3%) | 55 (0.3%) | 2 (0.2%) | .527 | ||
| CVD (all) | 1,607 (9.2%) | 1,464 (8.9%) | 143 (12.6%) | < .001 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 792 (4.5%) | 730 (4.4%) | 62 (5.5%) | .120 | ||
| CKD | 1,826 (10.4%) | 1,701 (10.4%) | 125 (11.1%) | .487 | ||
| Cancer | 1,442 (8.2%) | 1,359 (8.3%) | 83 (7.3%) | .294 | ||
| Dementia | 1,224 (7.0%) | 1,186 (7.2%) | 38 (3.4%) | < .001 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 88 (0.5%) | 80 (0.5%) | 8 (0.7%) | .425 | ||
| Visit Details | ||||||
| Length of Stay; Median (IQR) | 5 (7) | 5 (6) | 19 (27) | < .001 | ||
| Antiviral Treatment | 9,955 (56.7%) | 9,032 (55.0%) | 923 (81.6%) | < .001 | ||
| Anticoagulant Treatment | 15,887 (90.5%) | 14,766 (89.9%) | 1,121 (99.1%) | < .001 | ||
| Corticosteroid Treatment | 8,651 (49.3%) | 7,760 (47.2%) | 891 (78.8%) | < .001 | ||
| IL-1 Inhibitor Treatment | 673 (3.8%) | 520 (3.2%) | 153 (13.5%) | < .001 | ||
| IL-6 Inhibitor Treatment | 1,081 (6.2%) | 793 (4.8%) | 288 (25.5%) | < .001 | ||
| Anthropometrics and Laboratory Values | ||||||
| Height; Median (IQR) | 167.6 (15.2) | 168.0 (15.2) | 168.0 (12.7) | < .001 | ||
| Weight; Median (IQR) | 76.2 (26.3) | 75.7 (26.3) | 80.0 (25.5) | < .001 | ||
| BMI; Median (IQR) | 26.9 (8.2) | 26.8 (8.2) | 27.5 (9.0) | < .001 | ||
| Systolic BP; Median (IQR) | 130.0 (30.0) | 130.0 (29.5) | 130 (31.0) | .328 | ||
| Diastolic BP; Median (IQR) | 76.0 (17.0) | 76.0 (16.0) | 75.0 (18.0) | .001 | ||
| SpO2; Median (IQR) | 96 (5) | 96 (5) | 93 (11) | < .001 | ||
| SpO2 | ≤ 94% | 6,473 (36.9%) | 5,809 (35.4%) | 664 (58.7%) | < .001 | |
| > 94% | 11,041 (62.9%) | 10,574 (64.4%) | 467 (41.3%) | |||
| Ferritin; Median (IQR) | 619.0 (875.5) | 601.0 (856.0) | 837.0 (1,167.0) | < .001 | ||
| Ferritin | ≤ 800 ng/dl | 8,264 (47.1%) | 7,756 (47.2%) | 508 (44.9%) | < .001 | |
| > 800 ng/dl | 5,419 (30.9%) | 4,870 (29.6%) | 549 (48.5%) | |||
| C-reactive protein; Median (IQR) | 9.63 (16.36) | 9.16 (15.70) | 16.00 (19.30) | < .001 | ||
| C-reactive protein | ≤ 30 mg/dl | 11,139 (63.4%) | 10,337 (62.9%) | 802 (70.9%) | < .001 | |
| > 30 mg/dl | 2,250 (12.8%) | 2,015 (12.3%) | 235 (20.8%) | |||
| D-Dimer; Median (IQR) | 417 (558) | 405 (518) | 620 (1,588) | < .001 | ||
| D-Dimer | ≤ 1000 ng/ml | 10,485 (59.7%) | 9,709 (59.1%) | 776 (68.6%) | < .001 | |
| > 1000 ng/ml | 1,463 (8.3%) | 1,218 (7.4%) | 245 (21.7%) | |||
| Creatinine; Median (IQR) | 1.00 (0.55) | 0.99 (0.54) | 1.05 (0.60) | < .001 | ||
| Lymphocyte count; Median (IQR) | 0.99 (0.76) | 1.00 (0.77) | 0.85 (0.63) | < .001 | ||
| Neutrophil count; Median (IQR) | 5.53 (4.08) | 5.46 (3.99) | 6.68 (5.63) | < .001 | ||
| Lactate Dehydrogenase; Median (IQR) | 350 (214) | 340 (202) | 478 (295) | < .001 | ||
| Sodium; Median (IQR) | 136 (5) | 137 (5) | 135 (6) | < .001 | ||
| Potassium; Median (IQR) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.8) | .097 | ||
| Albumin; Median (IQR) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.9) | < .001 | ||
| White Blood Cell count; Median (IQR) | 7.40 (4.51) | 7.35 (4.45) | 8.48 (5.95) | < .001 | ||
| Platelet Count; Median (IQR) | 214 (113) | 214 (113) | 213 (120) | .461 | ||
| International Normalized Ratio; Median (IQR) | 1.16 (0.21) | 1.15 (0.20) | 1.20 (0.24) | < .001 | ||
| Procalcitonin; Median (IQR) | 0.15 (0.27) | 0.15 (0.25) | 0.34 (0.85) | < .001 | ||
| Troponin; Median (IQR) | 0.06 (0.12) | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.29) | < .001 | ||
| Aspartate aminotransferase; Median (IQR) | 38 (34) | 37 (33) | 54 (47) | < .001 | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase: Median (IQR) | 30 (32) | 30 (31) | 37 (38) | < .001 | ||
All values above reported as frequency and percentages unless otherwise noted.
IQR = Interquartile Range; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVD = Cardiovascular Disease; CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease; BMI = Body Mass Index; SpO2 = Oxygen Saturation
‡ Kruskal-Wallis tests and chi-squared tests used to generate p-values for continuous and categorical variables respectively