Table 4.
Characteristics and correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms including affect, irritability, and apathy in HD mutation carriers.
| Affect | Irritability | Apathy | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate Analyses | Multivariate Logistic Regression |
Univariate Analyses | Multivariate Logistic Regression | Univariate Analyses | Multivariate Logistic Regression | |||||||||||||
| No Symptom | Mild | Moderate to Severe | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | No Symptom |
Mild | Moderate to Severe | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | No Symptom |
Mild | Moderate to Severe | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Male (%) | 32 (32.3%) |
26 (36.1%) |
5 (23.8%) |
0.751 | / | / | 45 (41.2%) |
15 (31.2%) |
12 (46.1%) |
0.671 | / | / | 35 (33%) |
21 (47.7%) |
16 (48.4%) |
0.041 | 0.31 (0.11–0.90) |
0.032 |
| Positive family history | 71 (79.8%) |
57 (79.2%) |
15 (71.5%) |
0.872 | / | / | 91 (83.5%) |
35 (73%) |
18 (69.3%) |
0.049 | / | / | 86 (81.2%) |
33 (75%) |
25 (75.8%) |
0.732 | / | / |
| Age of onset (years) | 41.20 (10.04) |
41.48 (10.35) |
41.52 (8.83) |
0.981 | / | / | 41.92 (9.70) |
42.86 (10.53) |
41.33 (9.13) |
0.782 | / | / | 41.34 (10.24) |
42.59 (8.77) |
43.77 (9.70) |
0.431 | / | / |
| CAG repeats, number | 45 (43–48) |
45 (43–48) |
45 (42.5–48) |
0.901 | / | / | 44 (43–47.5) |
44 (42.25–48) |
45 (41–47) |
0.742 | / | / | 44 (42–48) |
45 (43–48) |
43 (42–46) |
0.533 | / | / |
| DD, years | 4.17 (2.5–5.96) |
4.17 (2.60–5.48) |
3 (2–7.21) |
0.871 | / | / | 3.2 (2.08–6.1) |
4.38 (2.12–5.75) |
6.34 (3.4–10.52) |
0.003 | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) |
0.80 | 3.29 (2.08–5.99) |
4.38 (2.06–7.35) |
6.09 (3.87–9.12) |
0.002 | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) |
0.492 |
| Total motor score | 40 (30–47) |
39 (30.25–44.75) |
41 (30.5–51) |
0.633 | / | / | 33 (26–43.75) |
40.5 (30.25–46) |
50.5 (34.00–60) |
<0.001 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) |
0.60 | 35.00 (24.5–43.5) |
39 (29–43) |
46 (36–55) |
<0.001 | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) |
0.132 |
| TFC | 8 (5–10) |
8 (5–10) |
8 (5–10) |
0.854 | / | / | 10 (8–12) |
8 (6–10) |
6.5 (5–10.5) |
0.001 | 0.82 (0.68–0.98) |
0.03 | 10 (7–12) |
9 (6.25–10) |
5 (4–8) |
<0.001 | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) |
0.161 |
| MMSE | 24 (18–26) |
24 (19.5–26) |
23.5 (16.5–26.75) |
0.901 | / | / | 25 (20–27) |
11 (7–17) |
23 (20.25–25.75) |
0.016 | 1.03 (0.40–1.18) |
0.61 | 24 (20.5–27) |
24 (19.5–26) |
22 (15–25) |
0.019 | 1.02 (0.90–1.05) |
0.801 |
| HAMD | 13.68 (6.01) |
12.03 (5.06) |
18.92 (6.37) |
0.002 | 1.14 (1.03–1.28) |
0.016 | 8.37 (5.82) |
11.96 (6.58) |
15.87 (6.79) |
<0.001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.25) |
0.002 | 7.30 (5.50) |
12.52 (6.43) |
15.50 (5.74) |
<0.001 | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) |
0.007 |
| HAMA | 11.44 (4.16) |
10.67 (4.89) |
15.00 | 0.672 | / | / | 8.63 (3.09) |
10.75 (7.5) |
13.00 (5.94) |
0.332 | / | / | 9 (4.62) |
12.50 (7.23) |
12.00 (1.41) |
0.481 | / | / |
| BDI | 9.16 (6.64) |
7.63 (5.16) |
14.50 (8.59) |
0.017 | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) |
0.035 | 4.87 (3.84) |
8.37 (8.01) |
11.00 (7.06) |
0.004 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
0.96 | 4.84 (4.46) |
9.09 (7.24) |
8.91 (6.63) |
0.005 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
0.962 |
DD: diagnostic delay; SD: standard deviation; UHDRS: Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale; FAS: functional assessment scores; TFC: total functional capacity; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; HAMA: Hamilton anxiety scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory.