Table 7.

Meta-analyses of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 studies in OSA adults.

Authors	Material	Conclusion
Comparison to the control group
Nadeem et al., 2013 [30] De Luca Canto et al., 2015 [97]	51 studies, 2952 patients, 2784 controls 8 studies, 495 participants (serum ICAM-1) 6 studies, 269 participants (serum VCAM-1) 1 article, 39 patients, 34 controls—Diagnostic capability-focused study	Significantly higher serum ICAM-1 level in subjects with OSA (pooled SMD 2.93). Significantly higher serum VCAM-1 level in subjects with OSA (pooled SMD 2.08). Potential biomarkers to distinguish OSA from non-OSA adults include ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, although with low diagnostic values. ICAM-1′s sensitivity/specificity (%) was 69/82, whereas VCAM-1′s was 74/65.
Change after treatment
Tian et al., 2021 [107]		ICAM-1 was significantly reduced by CPAP therapy (SMD = 0.283, 95% CI 0.464 to 0.101, p = 0.002). However, after receiving CPAP therapy, VCAM-1 levels did not significantly change (SMD = 0.160, 95% CI: 0.641 to 0.320, p = 0.513).

Abbreviations: ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure therapy; SMD, standardized mean difference.