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. 2022 Dec 27;16(1):261. doi: 10.3390/ma16010261
θ Deviation in fiber orientation from the hoop direction
fcu′ Ultimate compressive strength of the FRP-confined concrete
εcu′ Ultimate axial strain of the FRP-confined concrete
Et Total dissipated energy of the FRP-confined concrete
E1 FRP modulus of elasticity in the fiber direction
E2 FRP modulus of elasticity in the transverse direction
ν12 FRP Poisson’s ratio in the plane
G12 FRP shear modulus in the plane
Ec Concrete modulus of elasticity
νc Concrete Poisson’s ratio
fco′ Unconfined concrete compressive strength
fcu′/fco′ Strength improvement ratio
εco Axial strain at the peak stress of unconfined concrete
εcu′/εco Strain improvement ratio
φ Angle of friction in the DP plasticity model
K Flow stress ratio in the DP plasticity model
β Dilation angle in the DP plasticity model
εcp Axial plastic strain
ρ Lateral stiffness ratio
Ex FRP modulus of elasticity in hoop direction
Efrp FRP modulus of elasticity
tfrp FRP wrap thickness
D Diameter of concrete cylinder
β0 Initial slope of β
M0 A constant equal to 157,000
σl Lateral stress
 εl Lateral strain of the FRP wrap
εc Concrete axial strain
σc Concrete axial stress
ε*frp Ultimate tensile hoop strain of the FRP wrap
Kl Lateral stiffness of FRP wrap
θa Allowable limit of deviation in θ
θa,95 Allowable limit of deviation in θ with 95% confidence
θa,99 Allowable limit of deviation in θ with 99% confidence