Figure 5.

The development of cross-disciplinary nanotechnology has been vigorous, and one critical application is in biosensors produced by combining the semiconductor industry and biotechnology. AuNPs induce more biomolecular bonds, such as those of DNA, RNA, protein, and drugs to achieve the benefit of expanding the output signal. In addition, immobilization techniques can also be applied to a novel metal–semiconductor–metal material wafer. Using the chemiluminescence reaction in the system, the photons are converted into electronic signals to measure target biomolecules.