Table 3.
Characteristics of the overall sample and of individuals with specific symptom trajectories.
| Anxiety | Avoidance | Mental Fatigue | Sleep Discontinuity | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 2097) | High (n = 952) | Moderate with ↓ (n = 292) | Low (n = 521) | P-value | High (n = 805) | Low with ↓ (n = 1002) | P-value | High (n = 390) | Moderate with ↓ (n = 800) | Moderate with ↓ ↓ (n = 681) | P-value | High with ↓ (n = 1119) | Low (n = 681) | P-value | |
| Age | 34.60 (12.7) | 34.26 (12.4) | 36.01 (12.5) | 34.78 (13.3) | 0.065 | 35.38 (12.7) | 33.90 (12.6) | 0.007 | 36.64 (13.1) | 34.53 (13.1) | 32.99 (11.5) | <0.001 | 35.29 (12.6) | 33.17 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| Sex at birth (Male) | 760 (36.2%) | 274 (28.8%) | 89 (30.5%) | 249 (47.8%) | <0.001 | 233 (28.9%) | 400 (39.9%) | <0.001 | 111 (28.5%) | 260 (32.5%) | 292 (42.9%) | <0.001 | 372 (33.2%) | 261 (38.3%) | 0.03 |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.24 | <0.001 | 0.22 | 0.44 | |||||||||||
| Hispanic | 257 (12.3%) | 133 (14.0%) | 33 (11.3%) | 55 (10.6%) | 115 (14.3%) | 111 (11.1%) | 48 (12.3%) | 110 (13.8%) | 70 (10.3%) | 152 (13.6%) | 77 (11.3%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 647 (30.9%) | 304 (31.9%) | 88 (30.1%) | 157 (30.1%) | 202 (25.1%) | 359 (35.8%) | 118 (30.3%) | 241 (30.1%) | 229 (33.6%) | 349 (31.2%) | 208 (30.5%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1102 (52.6%) | 477 (50.1%) | 161 (55.1%) | 282 (54.1%) | 459 (57.0%) | 483 (48.2%) | 209 (53.6%) | 417 (52.1%) | 346 (50.8%) | 571 (51.0%) | 366 (53.7%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 81 (3.9%) | 32 (3.4%) | 9 (3.1%) | 25 (4.8%) | 24 (3.0%) | 45 (4.5%) | 12 (3.1%) | 28 (3.5%) | 33 (4.8%) | 40 (3.6%) | 28 (4.1%) | ||||
| Education (High School or Less) | 689 (32.9%) | 327 (34.3%) | 90 (30.8%) | 157 (30.1%) | 0.20 | 288 (35.8%) | 304 (30.3%) | 0.016 | 132 (33.8%) | 263 (32.9%) | 212 (31.1%) | 0.62 | 372 (33.2%) | 219 (32.2%) | 0.67 |
| Income (<=$35,000) | 981 (46.8%) | 504 (52.9%) | 170 (58.2%) | 229 (44.0%) | 0.001 | 459 (57.0%) | 455 (45.4%) | <0.001 | 229 (58.7%) | 399 (49.9%) | 307 (45.1%) | <0.001 | 584 (52.2%) | 327 (48.0%) | 0.28 |
| Pre-Trauma Pain | 662 (31.6%) | 386 (40.5%) | 80 (27.4%) | 100 (19.2%) | <0.001 | 330 (41.0%) | 253 (25.2%) | <0.001 | 183 (46.9%) | 279 (34.9%) | 130 (19.1%) | <0.001 | 412 (36.8%) | 166 (24.4%) | <0.001 |
| Pre-Trauma Somatic Symptomsa | 3.90 (3.5) | 5.10 (3.7) | 3.38 (3.1) | 2.32 (2.6) | <0.001 | 4.71 (3.8) | 3.39 (3.2) | <0.001 | 5.45 (3.9) | 4.43 (3.5) | 2.56 (2.8) | <0.001 | 4.55 (3.7) | 3.05 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Pre-Trauma Depression | 48.31 (10.7) | 51.60 (11.4) | 46.80 (8.8) | 43.75 (8.3) | <0.001 | 50.57 (11.5) | 46.91 (9.8) | <0.001 | 51.98 (12.3) | 49.71 (10.3) | 44.99 (9.0) | <0.001 | 49.74 (11.2) | 46.47 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Pre-Trauma Anxiety symptoms | 5.02 (4.7) | 6.59 (4.9) | 4.13 (3.8) | 2.85 (3.3) | <0.001 | 6.03 (5.0) | 4.36 (4.3) | <0.001 | 6.84 (5.2) | 5.61 (4.6) | 3.50 (3.9) | <0.001 | 5.70 (4.8) | 4.15 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Peritraumatic Pain | 1837 (87.6%) | 867 (91.1%) | 253 (86.6%) | 429 (82.3%) | <0.001 | 742 (92.2%) | 843 (84.1%) | <0.001 | 369 (94.6%) | 724 (90.5%) | 544 (79.9%) | <0.001 | 1028 (91.9%) | 551 (80.9%) | <0.001 |
| Peritraumatic Somatic Symptomsa | 5.17 (3.3) | 6.16 (3.2) | 4.80 (3.0) | 3.66 (2.9) | <0.001 | 5.99 (3.3) | 4.59 (3.1) | <0.001 | 6.85 (3.1) | 5.46 (3.2) | 3.96 (3.0) | <0.001 | 5.88 (3.2) | 4.16 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Week 8 Pain | 894 (42.6%) | 546 (57.4%) | 158 (54.1%) | 140 (26.9%) | <0.001 | 489 (60.7%) | 359 (35.8%) | <0.001 | 274 (70.3%) | 407 (50.9%) | 184 (27.0%) | <0.001 | 620 (55.4%) | 227 (33.3%) | <0.001 |
| Week 8 Post-traumatic stress symptoms | 28.22 (19.3) | 39.85 (17.1) | 22.83 (12.2) | 11.20 (10.1) | <0.001 | 39.74 (17.6) | 18.71 (14.9) | <0.001 | 45.32 (18.1) | 30.80 (15.8) | 15.00 (13.1) | <0.001 | 33.28 (19.1) | 19.45 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Week 8 Somatic Symptomsa | 7.72 (3.9) | 9.57 (2.9) | 7.41 (3.5) | 4.70 (3.6) | <0.001 | 9.36 (3.2) | 6.38 (3.9) | <0.001 | 10.20 (2.4) | 8.78 (3.3) | 5.01 (3.6) | <0.001 | 8.65 (3.5) | 6.17 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Week 8 Anxiety symptoms | 7.23 (4.6) | 9.68 (4.1) | 6.50 (3.7) | 3.28 (3.1) | <0.001 | 9.31 (4.3) | 5.47 (4.2) | <0.001 | 10.72 (4.1) | 7.60 (4.1) | 4.68 (4.0) | <0.001 | 8.22 (4.5) | 5.50 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Week 8 Depression | 54.36 (10.9) | 60.09 (9.4) | 52.46 (8.4) | 45.16 (7.7) | <0.001 | 59.18 (10.2) | 50.24 (9.7) | <0.001 | 62.39 (10.1) | 55.69 (9.2) | 47.88 (9.2) | <0.001 | 56.79 (10.5) | 50.09 (10.3) | <0.001 |
aSomatic symptoms are often referred to as “post-concussive symptoms”
↓: decrease