Table 2.

Source of radiation exposure and exposure levels of the included studies/study participants

Author	Year	Exposure	Exposure levels
Andreassi et al	2020	Occupationally exposed male workers (cardiac catheterization)	~ 1–10 mSv/year
Chen et al	2018	Paternal exposure to medical-related radiation	Not measured, anticipated to be low
Chiarelli et al	2000	Radiation exposure to treat childhood cancer	Abdominal-pelvic radiation cumulative total dose was above the 50th percentile (> 2,500 cG) was high exposure group
Choi et al	2012	Pregnant women exposed to abdominal or lumbar radio diagnostic procedures	Radiation exposures between 50 and 100 mGy (5–10 rad)
Doyle et al	2000	Nuclear industry employees	Exposure distribution not described, but those with exposures greater than 100 mSv had no excess in either sex
Fucic et al	2008	Female populations occupationally exposed to radiation	Exposures were < 10 mSv per year and no woman received a radiation dose that exceeded the international limit of 20 mSv per year or 100 mSv over 5 years
Goldberg et al	1997	Adolescent females exposed to radiation for scoliosis	Median exposure of 0.69 cGy
Gong et al	2017	Maternal residential proximity to nuclear facilities	No exposure data. Exposure categorized based on distance
Grajewski et al	2015	Occupational exposure among flight attendants	Median effective dose between 0.36 and 0.91 mSv
Green et al	2002	Pregnancy outcomes of female survivors of childhood cancer	No direct measure of exposure as contrasts made between those with radiation and other types of treatment
Green et al	2010	Radiation for treatment of Wilms tumor	Detailed exposure profile not available, however, 16% of women and 9% of men received exposures > 35 Gy
Guilbaud et al	2019	Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to radiation	Median fetal dose of 3.1 mGy
Ha et al	2015	Residential proximity to power plants	No exposure data. Exposure categorized based on distance
Hatch et al	2017	Neonatal outcomes following radiation exposure in utero to fallout from Chernobyl	Cs-137 deposition levels greater than 37 kBq/m
Hujoel et al	2004	Antepartum dental radiography and infant low birth weight	Exposed group consisted of mothers with > 0.4 mGy
Igumnov & Drozdovitch	2000	Children from Belarus exposed in utero to radiation from Chernobyl accident	Mean value of thyroid doses from 131I 0.39 Gy was estimated for the prenatal exposed children
Kallen et al	1998	Outcome of reproduction in women irradiated for skin hemangioma in infancy	The mean ovarian dose was 6 cGy, and the maximum was 8.55 Gy
Lawson et al	2012	Occupational exposure among nurses	No direct measure of exposure, but rather frequency of working with X-rays was modelled
Mortazavi et al	2013	Radiation exposure in a screening program of pregnant women	No characterization of exposure provided
Parker et al	1999	Exposure among male radiation workers at Sellafield nuclear plant	The median exposure among of all live births was 0.13 mSv; the median exposure among stillbirths was 0.33 mSv
Reulen et al	2009	Radiation exposure for childhood cancer	No characterization of exposure provided
Signorello et al	2006	Radiation exposure for childhood cancer	Ovarian irradiation only among women with a dose < 100 cGy to the uterus
Tsou et al	2019	Taiwanese radiation-contaminated buildings (RCBs) natural accident	Taiwan Cumulative Dose exposure assessment system
van de Loo	2019	Radiation exposure to treat childhood cancer	Comparison of outcomes among childhood cancer survivors’ exposure to radiation to non-radiation treatments
Winther et al	2008	Radiation exposure to treat childhood cancer	Highly variable across cancer sites with exposure up to 50 Gy
Zhang et al	2020	Prenatal uranium exposure in general population	Geometric mean of U concentration of 0.03 ug/L