Table 1.
Natural sources of zerumbone according to the plant species, origin, method of extraction and analysis. RP-HPLC-PDA: reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, FID: flame-ionization detector, HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography, FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UHPLC: ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, HRESI: high-resolution electrospray ionization mass, EI-MS: electron ionized-mass spectroscopy, 1H-NMR: (nuclear magnetic resonance) and 13C-NMR.
| Plant Species |
Plant Part |
Origin | Method of Extraction | Analysis | Yield | Main Components | Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zingiber zerumbet | Rhizome | India | Methanol extraction | RP-HPLC-PDA | Zerumbone (33.02 mg/g) | Antioxidant | [42] | |
| Rhizomes | India | GC/FID- GC/MS |
Zerumbone (70.60%) α-Humulene (5.65%) Humulene epoxide I (5.21%) Humulene epoxide II (5.71%) Camphor (1.90%) Camphene (3.47%) Caryophyllene oxide (2.52%) |
Antioxidant | [41] | |||
| Rhizomes | India | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC- GC/MS | 0.45% | Zerumbone (74.82%) Humulene (6.02%) β-Copaen-4α-ol (4.32%) |
Antifungal | [40] | |
| Rhizomes | Brazil | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | 5% | Zerumbone (87.93%) | Antibacterial | [3] | |
| Rhizomes | Malaysia | Hydrodistillation | 0.25% | Anti-inflammatory | [62] | |||
| Rhizomes | Indonesia | Water distillation | GC/MS | 0.12% | Sabinene (32.96%) β-Myrcene (13.27%) Zerumbone (11.05%) |
Increase body weight | [63] | |
| Rhizomes | Malaysia | Hydrodistillation Turbo Extractor Distillator |
HPLC | 0.35% | Zerumbone (126.54 mg/mL) | Antibacterial | [39] | |
| Rhizomes | Reunion Island | Steam distillation | GC-GC/MS- GC/FTIR |
0.3–0.4% | Zerumbone (36%) α-Humulene (14.4%) Camphene (13.8%) Caryophyllene oxide (5.2%) Camphor (3.8%) 1,8-Cineole (3.2%) |
[38] | ||
| Rhizomes | Malaysia | Ethanol extraction | HPLC | Zerumbone (242.73 mg/g) | Immunosuppressant | [8] | ||
| Rhizomes | Malaysia | Microwave | UHPLC | Zerumbone (4.82 mg/g DM) | Antiproliferative | [48] | ||
| Rhizomes | India | Methanol extraction | RP-HPLC | Zerumbone (15.598–30.143 mg/g) | Antioxidant | [42] | ||
| Fresh rhizomes | China | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS– GC/FID |
Zerumbone (40.2%) α-Caryophyllene (8.6%) Humulene epoxide II (7.3%) Camphene (5.9%) |
Insecticidal, repellent | [10] | ||
| Fresh rhizomes | China | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC-FID/MS | 0.65% | Zerumbone (75.0%) α-Humulene (6.5%) Humulene oxide I (3.8%) Camphene (3.3%) Humulene oxide II (2.7%) Camphor (1.3%) Caryophyllene oxide (1.3%) 1,8-Cineole (1.2%) |
Antibacterial, cytotoxic | [6] | |
| Fresh rhizomes | India | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | 1.12% | Zerumbone (49.3%) α-Caryophyllene (20.1%) Z-Caryophyllene (3.8%) |
Antifungal, antimycotoxin | [64] | |
| Fresh rhizomes | Malaysia | Hydrodistillation | GC-FID/MS | 0.25% | Zerumbone (36.12%) Humulene (10.03%) Humulene oxide I (4.08%) Humulene oxide II (2.14%) Caryophyllene oxide II (1.66%) Caryophyllene oxide I (1.43%) |
Antinociceptive | [65] | |
| Fresh rhizomes | Vietnam | Steam distillation | HPLC | 0.1% | Zerumbone (98%) | Weak in vitro vasodilator | [66] | |
| Fresh rhizomes | India | GC/MS | 0.75% | Zerumbone (32.79%) Camphene (19.41%) Eucalyptol (6.80%) |
[44] | |||
| Dried rhizomes | China | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC-FID/MS | 0.39% | Zerumbone (41.9%) α-Humulene (29.4%) Humulene oxide I (6.0%) Humulene oxide II (3.9%) Camphene (3.9%) β-Caryophyllene (2.5%) Camphor (2.4%) Caryophyllene oxide (2.1%) 1,8-Cineole (1.2%) |
Antimicrobial, cytotoxic | [6] | |
| Dried rhizomes | Malaysia | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC-GC/MS | 0.37% | Zerumbone (58.44%) α-Humulene (12.24%) Camphene (5.36%) |
Immunosuppressant | [8] | |
| Air-dry rhizomes | Vietnam | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | 0.65% | Zerumbone (51.3%) Humulene epoxide I (6.4%) Humulene epoxide II (5.5%) α-Humulene (5.4%) Camphene (4.1%) 1,8-Cineole (3.2%) |
Insecticidal, antifungal | [67] | |
| Powdered rhizomes | India | Acetone extraction | HPLC | Zerumbone (99.94%) | Anticancer | [68] | ||
| Dried powdered rhizomes | India | Acetone extraction Soxhlet |
GC/MS | 2.86% | Zerumbone (64.58%) Diacetone alcohol (10.64%) α-Humulene (8.93%) Caryophyllene oxide (5.68%) Humulene epoxide (3.18%) |
[43] | ||
| Powdered rhizomes | Malaysia | Ethanol extraction | HRESI/MS | Zerumbone (87.4 mg) | Immunosuppressant | [69] | ||
| Roots | India | Methanol extraction | RP-HPLC-PDA | Zerumbone (05.562 mg/g) |
Antioxidant | [42] | ||
| Z. zerumbet var. darcyi | Fresh rhizomes | India | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC-GC/MS | 0.23% | Zerumbone (69.9%) α-Humulene (12.9%) Humulene epoxide II (2.5%) Caryophyllene oxide (1.1%) Camphene (1.9%) |
[9] | |
| Z. ottensii | Fresh rhizome | Thailand | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | 0.24% | Zerumbone (24.73%) Terpinen-4-ol (18.75%) Sabinene (15.19%) β-Pinene (7.95%) |
Cytotoxic | [59] |
| Fresh rhizomes | Thailand | Hydrodistillation | GC/MS | 0.21% | Zerumbone (25.21%) Sabinene (23.35%) Terpene-4-ol (15.97%) |
Apoptotic | [61] | |
| Z. montanum | Dried rhizomes | Bangladesh | Ethanol extraction | 1H-NMR/13C-NMR | ZerumboneFlavonoid derivatives | [58] | ||
| Z. amaricans | Malaysia | Hydrodistillation | GC-MS | Zerumbone (40.70%) | [53] | |||
| Powdered dried rhizomes | Indonesia | Steam distillation | GC-MS | 1.6% | Zerumbone (65.06%) Humulene oxide (9.66%) α-Humulene (9.41%) |
[54] | ||
| Z. aromaticum | Powdered dried rhizomes | Indonesia | Steam distillation | GC-MS | 2.8% | Zerumbone (31.45%) Cyclohexene (13.52%) Isogeraniol (10.52%) |
[54] | |
| Curcuma rubescens | Fresh rhizomes | China | Steam distillation | GC/MS | 4.36% | Zerumbone (6.88%) Germacrone (4.99%) |
[70] | |
| Powdered dried rhizomes | China | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | Zerumbone (15.45%) ar-Turmerone (13.80%) |
Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory |
[71] | ||
| Cheilocostus speciosus | Rhizomes | India | Steam distillation | GC-MS/FID | 0.18 g | Zerumbone (55.11%) α-Humulene (20.55%) |
Anticancer, antibacterial |
[72] |
| Fresh rhizomes | India | Hydrodistillation Clevenger |
GC/MS | 1.9 mL/kg | Zerumbone (38.6%) α-Humulene (14.5%) Camphene (9.3%) |
Insecticidal | [73] | |
| Alpinia galanga | Dried crushed rhizomes | Sri Lanka | Hydrodistillation Clevenger | GC/MS | 0.56% | Zerumbone (44.9%) | [74] | |
| Boesenbergia quangngaiensis | Rhizomes | Vietnam | Hydrodistillation | GC/MS | 0.16% |
cis-β-Elemene (18.4%) Zerumbone (11.40%) Myrtenyl acetate (10.6%) |
Antimicrobial | [75] |
| Amomum gagnepainii | Leaves | Vietnam | Hydrodistillation | GC-MS/FID | 0.20% | Farnesyl acetate (18.5%) Zerumbone (16.4%) β-Caryophyllene (10.5%) |
[76] | |
| Cyperus rotundus | Air-dried rhizomes | South Korea | Methanolextraction | EI-MS/1H-NMR/13C-NMR | Zerumbone 1,8-Cineole |
Insecticidal, repellent | [77] |