Table 1.
Targeted Microbiota therapy studies, outcomes, results, and implications.
| Targeted Microbiota Therapy Method | Study Period | Species Involved/Outcome Measured | Results/Implications | Subject Type | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prebiotic—Beta-glucans | Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus | Increased SCFA production Decreased cholesterol biosynthesis |
Mice | [147] | |
| Prebiotic—Beta-glucans (oat and tartary buckwheat) | Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio | Increased SCFA production Reduction of plasma lipids Increased fecal bile acid concentration |
Rodent | [131] | |
| Prebiotic—Beta-glucans | Strong immunomodulary effects Reduced serum cholesterol levels |
[152] | |||
| Prebiotic—Oatmeal | 45-day follow-up | Akkermansia, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Barnesiella, Agathobacter, Lactobacillus Ruminococcaceae-MK4A214 | Increased Akkermansia, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Barnesiella, Agathobacter, Lactobacillus Decreased Ruminococcaceae-MK4A214 Decreased serum TC, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol Increased serum total antioxidant capacity Increased SCFA production |
Human | [128] |
| Flavonoids from whole-grain oat | Akkermansia, Blautia Lachnoclostridium, Colidextribacter, and Desulfovibrio | Improved serum lipid profiles Decreased body weight Decreased lipid deposition Increased Akkermansia Decreased Lachnoclostridium, Blautia, Colidextribacter, and Desulfovibrio |
Mice | [132] | |
| Prebiotic—Wheat bread and barley beta glucans | 4 weeks | Akkermansia muciniphila & Bifidobacterium were elevated pre-intervention in cholesterol-responsive group | Decreased abdominal circumference Decreased total cholesterol Increased fecal propionic acid Decreased Clostridium leptum by 25% and Collinsella aerofaciens, a species that thrives within inflamed gut tissues |
Human | [146] |
| Prebiotic—Oat beta-glucans | 8 weeks | Serum lipids | Reduced LDL, TC, and non-HDL in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients | Human | [148] |
| 4 weeks | Serum lipids | Reduced LDL by 6% 8% reduction in CVD risk |
Human | [149] | |
| 4 weeks | Reduced serum TC and LDL | Human | [150] | ||
| Lowered markers of inflammation in heart/liver/kidney/spleen/colon in obese mice fed high-cholesterol diets | Mice | [151] | |||
| 30 days | Acetic acid Propionic acid Hydroxybutyric acid |
Reduction in mucosal damage—Increased fecal concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and hydroxybutyric acid Decreased serum CRP |
Human | [153] | |
| Prebiotic—Psyllium (plantago ovata) fiber | Meta analysis of 28 trials greater than or equal to 3 weeks | N/A | Significant reduction in LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apoB lipoproteins | Human | [155] |
| Prebiotic—Psyllium husk | 7 days | Roseburia, Lachnospira, and Faecalibacterium | Increased concentrations of Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, Phascolartobaceterium, Veillonella, and Sutterella Increased fecal water content associated with increased butyrate-producing strains (Lachnospira, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium) |
Human | [156] |
| Roseburia Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Coprobacillus, and Akkernansia | Greater reduction in cholesterol and TGs compared to Orlistat | Mice | [157] | ||
| Prebiotic- Inulin-type fructans | Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus | Increased insulin sensitivity Increased gut barrier function Improved lipid profiles |
[158] | ||
| Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, Bilophila | Increased Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes Decreased Bilophila |
Human | [159] | ||
| 6 weeks |
Bifidobacterium Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid |
Significantly increased Bifidobacterium Increased total fecal SCFA, acetic acid and propionic acid in Type 2 DM patients |
Human | [160] | |
| Dietary glycan—Seaweed Polysaccharide | 6 weeks and 12 weeks |
Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Clostridium, Bilophila |
Significantly reduced non-HDL cholesterol Increased Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia, Pseudobutyrivibrio and Clostridium Decreased Bilophila |
[162] | |
| Probiotic- Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus | 6 weeks | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus | Decreased fasting plasma glucose versus control group Increased serum HDL versus control group |
Human | [163] |
| Probiotic—Lactic acid producing strains | Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus lactis | Incorporation of probiotics into foods containing dairy reduced reduced serum cholesterol | [164] | ||
| Probiotic—Bifidobacterium bifidum | 3 weeks | Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Dorea, Lachnospira | Increased Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Actinobacteria Decreased in Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Actinobacteria Decreased in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol |
Human | [165] |
| Probiotic milk—Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium lactis | 10 weeks supplement plus 2 weeks follow-up | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium lactis | Improved fecal weight Decreased fecal passing time Increased biodiversity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. Improved lag-time of LDL oxidation Decreased serum cholesterol |
Human | [166] |
| Probiotic—Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis | 6 months | Lactobacillus and Akkermansia | Significantly increased fecal Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and Streptococcus in supplemented group Decreased glycocholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid |
Human | [167] |
| Synbiotic—xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) + Bifidobacterium animalis lactis | 3 weeks | XOS + Bifidobacterium animalis lactis | Increased host Th1 responses, increase in HDL, increased Bifidobacterium count | Human | [168] |
| Synbiotic—xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) + Bacillus licheniformis | XOS + Bacillus licheniformis | Reduction in serum LPS, decreased body weight, decreased serum total cholesterol | Mice | [169] | |
| Folate | Reduced body weight gain, adipocyte size and dysbiosis Down-regulated lipid-metabolism genes |
Mice | [170] | ||
| Lower serum folate levels were associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness | Human | [171] | |||
| Porphyromonadaceae | Low folate diet resulted in higher amounts of Porphyromonadaceae and associated NAFLD | Mice | [172] | ||
| Fecal Microbiota Transplant | Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bilophila and Desulfovibrio | Increases in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Decreased Bilophila and Desulfovibrio |
Human | [173] | |
| 24 weeks | Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | Increases in butyrate-producing bacteria Improvements in total cholesterol and LDL |
[174] | ||
| 12 weeks | Fecal bacteria Bile acids |
Decreased taurocholic acid versus baseline Bile acid profile shifts towards that of the donor |
[175] | ||
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Akkermansia muciniphila | Significant positive correlation with PUFA/SFA ratio Negatively correlated with onset of dyslipidemia Reduced body fat mass and insulin resistance Increased tight junction proteins, zonulin-1 and occludin Increased IL-10 Degradation of host mucin lining |
Human | [176] | |
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Improved gut barrier function via interactions with TLR-2 | Mice | [129] | ||
| Akkermansia muciniphila and Periplaneta americana extract (PAE) | PAE pretreatment greatly increased amount of Akkermansia muciniphila versus control facing diquat-induced oxidative stress | Mice | [130] | ||
| Akkermansia mucinophila | Increased therapeutic effect of the novel anti-hyperlipidemic plant-alkaloid, Nuciferine, via enrichment with Akkermansia mucinophila | Mice | [177] | ||
| Akkermansia mucinophila | Increased Akkermansia muciniphila was associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome once A. muciniphila comprised 0.2% of total microbiome | Human | [178] | ||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Mononuclear cell stimulation of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii lowered IL-12 and IFN-gamma production Increased secretion of IL-10 Displayed anti-inflammatory effects including blocking NF-KB and IL-8 production |
[179] | ||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Produced butyrate thereby inhibiting NF-KB, and downregulating TLR-3/TLR-4 Stimulated mucin secretion, improving gut barrier functionality |
[180] | |||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Decreased abundance of the species in obese individuals Exhibited anti-inflammatory effects Produced butyrate |
[181] | |||
| 13 weeks | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Decreased adipose tissue inflammation Lowered AST/ALT Increased fatty acid oxidation Improved intestinal integrity |
Mice | [182] |
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; DM, diabetes mellitus; Th1, T-helper 1 subtype; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PUFA/SFA, poly-unsaturated fatty acids / saturated fatty acids; IL, interleukin; TLR, toll-like receptor; NF-KB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.