Table 1.

Related work concerning golf sport.

Ref	Description	Employed Technologies and Connectivity	Golf Course Management or Monitoring	Golf Game Dynamics Management	Main Contribution
[13]	Measurement of Angular Motion in Golf Swing by a Local Sensor at the Grip End of a Golf Club.	3D accelerometer, 3D gyro sensor.	No	No	Angle and angular velocity measurement of the golf club grip end to train golf players using quantitative data.
[14]	Long Range Battery-Less PV-Powered RFID Tag Sensors.	RFID (800–1000 MHz).	Yes	No	Embedded tracker with PV-RFID tag to find lost golf balls by increasing the distance of range for a few meters.
[15]	Golf Swing Segmentation from a Single IMU Using Machine Learning.	-	No	No	Estimation and division of golf swing phases using kinematic IMU data, eliminating the limitation of the sensor location.
[16]	The Combined Use of Remote Sensing and Wireless Sensor Network to Estimate Soil Moisture in Golf Course.	Soil moisture sensors, GPS device. Wireless connectivity to a hub.	Yes	No	The combined use of remote sensing (using Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission images) and a soil moisture sensor network for maximizing water efficiency.
[17]	Early Improper Motion Detection in Golf Swings Using Wearable Motion Sensors: The First Approach.	3D gyroscope and accelerometer motion sensors.	No	No	Analysis of a golf swing to detect an improper movement in the initial phase of the swing.
[18]	A sensor-aided self coaching model for uncocking Improvement in golf swing.	3D accelerometer, magnetometer and gyro sensors. Microsoft Kinect camera. Bluetooth.	No	No	Wrist angle change analysis during the swing movement which provides 3D rotation data, using two IMU sensors attached to the forearm and the golf club.
[19]	Golf Swing Motion Tracking Using Inertial Sensors and a Stereo Camera.	3D accelerometer and gyro sensors. Eight infrared LEDs captured by a USB cameras.	No	No	Golf club monitoring with an inertial navigation algorithm instead of only estimating the golf club tilt and position.
[20]	Electromyographic Patterns during Golf Swing: Activation Sequence Profiling and Prediction of Shot Effectiveness.	Polhemus Liberty electromagnetic motion capture system at 120 Hz.	No	No	Muscle activity analysis during the golf swing extracting information from electromyographic (EMG) signal stream dynamics to predict the best shot.
[21]	Analysis of swing tempo rhythm, and functional swing plane slope in golf with a wearable inertial measurement unit sensor.	3D accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. Optical motion camera system. Bluetooth.	No	No	Comparison of a swing motion algorithm against an optical motion camera system by estimating the golf club trajectories.
[22]	Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force.	A 6-axis force-torque sensor. Infrared cameras.	No	No	A sensor-embedded club developed for measuring the internal grip force and torque during a golf swing.
[23]	Reliability and Validity of the Polhemus Liberty System for Upper Body Segment and Joint Angular Kinematics of Elite Golfers.	-	No	No	Validation of the Polhemus Liberty system for different body parts and angular kinematics at key events during the golf swing.
[24]	Test–Retest Reliability of Task Performance for Golf Swings of Medium to High-Handicap Players.	3D Doppler tracking golf radar.	No	No	Analysis of the test–retest reliability of swing motion variables for medium- to high-handicap players.
[25]	AI Golf: Golf Swing Analysis Tool for Self-Training.	-	No	No	Application for easy correction of the user of the swing motion with image frames and human motion visualization.
This work	Design, Assessment and Deployment of an Efficient Golf Game Dynamics Management System based on Flexible Wire-less Technologies.	LPWAN: LoraWAN, ZigBee. WPT system. Wireless connectivity to a proprietary server.	Yes	Yes	Design, implementation and testing of an optimal and flexible communications system to manage the dynamics of the game and provide precise information to users and managers at any golf course.