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. 2023 Jan 3;28(1):440. doi: 10.3390/molecules28010440

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a,b) Histological, (c) quantitative evaluation, and (d) gene expression profile of filaggrin in healthy and atopic dermatitis full-thickness skin models after 12 days of cultivation to air surface (airlift). Healthy skin models were cultivated under normal medium conditions (m1). Atopic dermatitis skin models were stimulated with T_H2 cytokines (50 ng/mL IL-4, 50 ng/mL IL-13 and 25 ng/mL IL-31) at days 0, 2, 5, 7 and 9 (m2, m3). Atopic dermatitis skin model m3 was additionally stimulated with 10 µM histamine at day 9. Skin models m1, m2 and m3 were pre-incubated with either 5 µM α-13’-COOH, 25 µM α-13’-COOH, 1 µM dexamethasone (Dex; positive control), or 0.5% DMSO (vehicle control) at days 7 and 9, or were left untreated as disease control (untreated). (a) Skin models for evaluation of skin morphology were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and (b) for evaluation of skin barrier effects with filaggrin. Scale bar: 50 µm. (c) Ratio of filaggrin expression in whole skin models is given as the area of filaggrin in whole skin models in relation to the area of the whole skin model in [%] using ImageJ software (Scale bar: 100 µm). (d) Transcript levels are given as relative mRNA expression referred to the untreated disease control [fold change]. (c,d) All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two independent experiments were performed as replicates. Histological analyses were conducted on three skin models from two independent experiments with four images per skin model. Asterisks [*] indicate significant deviations from the untreated disease control (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).

(a,b) Histological, (c) quantitative evaluation, and (d) gene expression profile of filaggrin in healthy and atopic dermatitis full-thickness skin models after 12 days of cultivation to air surface (airlift). Healthy skin models were cultivated under normal medium conditions (m1). Atopic dermatitis skin models were stimulated with T_H2 cytokines (50 ng/mL IL-4, 50 ng/mL IL-13 and 25 ng/mL IL-31) at days 0, 2, 5, 7 and 9 (m2, m3). Atopic dermatitis skin model m3 was additionally stimulated with 10 µM histamine at day 9. Skin models m1, m2 and m3 were pre-incubated with either 5 µM α-13’-COOH, 25 µM α-13’-COOH, 1 µM dexamethasone (Dex; positive control), or 0.5% DMSO (vehicle control) at days 7 and 9, or were left untreated as disease control (untreated). (a) Skin models for evaluation of skin morphology were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and (b) for evaluation of skin barrier effects with filaggrin. Scale bar: 50 µm. (c) Ratio of filaggrin expression in whole skin models is given as the area of filaggrin in whole skin models in relation to the area of the whole skin model in [%] using ImageJ software (Scale bar: 100 µm). (d) Transcript levels are given as relative mRNA expression referred to the untreated disease control [fold change]. (c,d) All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two independent experiments were performed as replicates. Histological analyses were conducted on three skin models from two independent experiments with four images per skin model. Asterisks [*] indicate significant deviations from the untreated disease control (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01).