Table 2.

Studies on wine consumption and type 2 diabetes.

Wine/Alcohol Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)	Number of Subjects	Study Design	References
Compared with lifetime abstainers, the relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes among men was most protective when consuming 22 g/day alcohol (RR 0.87) and became deleterious at just over 60 g/day alcohol (1.01 [0.71–1.44]). Among women, consumption of 24 g/day alcohol was most protective (0.60) and became deleterious at about 50 g/day alcohol (1.02) [0.83–1.26]).	20 cohort studies	Meta-analysis	Baliunas et al., 2009 [105]
Fasting plasma glucose is lower among drinkers compared to abstainers (97.6 ± 18.2 vs. 118.4 ± 29.6 mg/dL; p < 0.02). HDL cholesterol is significantly higher among drinkers compared to abstainers (46.9 ± 10.9 vs. 39.5 ± 9.0 mg/dL; p < 0.001).	101 moderate red wine drinkers and 104 abstainers	Case–control study	Rochitte et al., 2014 [106]
Compared with T2D patients who reported no alcohol consumption, those who reported moderate consumption had fewer cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.83; 95% CI 0.72–0.95; p = 0.008), fewer microvascular complications (aHR 0.85; 95% CI 0.73–0.99; p = 0.03) and lower all-cause mortality (aHR 0.87; 96% CI 0.75–1.00; p = 0.05). The benefits were particularly evident in T2D participants who drank predominantly wine (cardiovascular events aHR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63–0.95, p = 0.01; all-cause mortality aHR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62–0.95, p = 0.02).	3314 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who died or had CV problems during a 5 year follow up	Prospective cohort study	Blomster et al., 2014 [109]