Table 3.

Studies on wine consumption and risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Wine/Alcohol Consumption and Neurodegenerative Diseases	Number of Subjects	Study Design	References
Subjects drinking 3 to 4 standard glasses of wine per day (>250 and up to 500 mL), categorized as moderate drinkers, the crude odds ratio (OR) was 0.18 for incident dementia (p < 0.01) and 0.25 for Alzheimer’s disease (p < 0.03), compared to the non-drinkers. In the 922 mild drinkers (<1 to 2 glasses per day) there was a negative association only with AD, after adjustment (OR = 0.55; p < 0.05) vs non-drinkers.	922 mild drinkers, 318 moderate drinkers and 971 non drinkers	Population-based prospective study	Letenneur, 2004 [112]
The pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on cognitive decline was 0.72 (95% CI 0.63–0.80; I2 = 82.4%; τ2: 0.0154). Using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method, the RR was 0.65 (95% CI 0.52–0.79; I2 = 94,531%; τ2: 0.057).	12 studies ranging from 360 to 10,308 subjects	Meta-analysis	Luceron-Lucas-Torres, 2022 [113]
Intake of wine on a monthly, weekly or daily basis was associated with a lower risk of stroke compared with no wine intake (monthly: relative risk [RR], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.98; weekly: RR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.77; daily: RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.00). There was no protective association between intake of beer or spirits on risk of stroke.	13,329 eligible men and women, aged 45 to 84 years, participating in the Copenhagen City Heart Study	Prospective cohort study	Truelsen et al., 1998 [114]
Light–moderate alcohol drinkers had better MMSE (Mini Mental State Exanination) performance than abstainers (p < 0.05) and heavy drinkers (p < 0.01) 2 years after MCI diagnosis.	176 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)	Prospective cohort study	Xu et al., 2009 [120]