Table 4.

Studies that considered wine and cancer risk.

Wine/Alcohol Consumption and Cancer	Number of Subjects	Study Design	References
In comparison with life-time abstainers, consumption of alcohol less than 10 g/day was associated with an average 11% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 7–14%] reduction in the risk of total mortality, while intake > 20 g/day was associated with a 13% (95% CI = 7–20%) increase in the risk of total mortality. With regard to cancer, drinking up to 10 g/day was not associated with either mortality risk reduction or increase, while alcohol intake > 20 g/day was associated with a 22% (95% CI = 10–35%) increased risk of mortality.	142,960 individuals (mean age 50 ± 13 years, 53.9% men)	Prospective observational multicenter population-based study	Di Castelnuovo et al., 2022 [133]
Compared to a Mediterranean diet score (MDS) of 0–3, the ORs for breast cancer were 0.86 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.76–0.98) for a MDS of 4–5 and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.71–0.95) for a MDS of 6–9 (p for trend = 0.008). The exclusion of the ethanol component (mostly from wine) from the MDS did not materially modify the ORs (e.g., OR = 0.81, 95% CI, 0.70–0.95, for MDS ≥ 6).	3034 breast cancer cases and 3392 controls	Hospital-based case–control study	Turatti et al., 2018 [135]
Using men who did not consume red wine as the reference, no linear trend was observed between red wine consumption and prostate cancer in the full analytic cohort (p-trend = 0.57).	3348 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed among 45,433 eligible participants	Prospective cohort study	Sutcliffe et al., 2007 [132]
An inverse association between moderate red wine intake and risk of CRC was not found. The hazard ratio for consuming ≥ 1 drink /day (average = 2 drinks/day) was 1.16, 95% confidence intervals 0.56–2.40. There was no linear dose-response.	176 colorectal cancer patients diagnosed among 43,483 participants	Prospective cohort study	Chao et al., 2010 [131]
There was no clear association between lung cancer and consumption of beer, red wine, white wine or liquor at ≥1 drink/day. Alcohol intake at age 30 was not associated with lung cancer risk.	580 lung cancer cases diagnosed among 66,186 participants	Prospective cohort study	Chao et al., 2011 [130]