Table 5.

Studies on wine consumption and longevity.

Wine/Alcohol Consumption and Longevity	Number of Subjects	Study Design	References
Compared with non-drinkers, light drinkers who avoided wine had a relative risk for death from all causes of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.82 to 0.99) and those who drank wine had a relative risk of 0.66 (CI, 0. 55 to 0.77).	13,064 men and 11,459 women, 20 to 98 years of age	Pooled cohort studies	Gronbaek et al., 1995 [95]
For each 2-point increment in a 0–9 score of adherence to the Mediterranean alcohol drinking pattern (MADP), a 25% relative risk reduction in mortality was found.	18,394 participants followed up to 12 years	Prospective cohort study	Gea et al., 2014 [102]
The pooled relative mortality risks were 0.90 (95% confidence interval: 0.81, 0.99) for 1–29 g/day of alcohol, 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.89, 1.58) for 30–59 g/day and 1.52 (95% confidence interval: 0.78, 2.98) for 60 or more g/day compared with abstention.	9 cohort studies 62,950 participants and 10,490 deaths	Meta-analysis	Jayasekara et al., 2014 [137]
Stable drinkers showed a U-shaped all-cause mortality, with relative risks of 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13–1.48) for non-drinkers (<1 drink per week) and 1.32 (1.15–1.53) for heavy drinkers (>13 drinks per week) compared with light drinkers (1 to 6 drinks per week) For coronary heart disease mortality, stable nondrinkers had a relative risk of 1.32 (0.97–1.79) compared with stable light drinkers and those who had reduced their drinking from light to none increased their risk (1.40; 1.00–1.95), and those who had increased from nondrinking to light drinking reduced their relative risk ratio (0.71; 0.44–1.14).	6644 men and 8010 women, age 25 to 98 years, who had attended at least two health surveys with a 5-year interval between them	Longitudinal study	Gronbaek et al., 2004 [138]