Table 12.

Categorizing the state-of-the-art in smart building applications.

Study	Attributes
Rafsanjani et al. [22]	Main concept: Using the IoT to identify energy consumption in commercial buildings.
	Case study: -
	App domain: Wi-Fi network.
	Advantage: Improving energy consumption behavior.
	Disadvantage: Energy-saving behaviors are observed only during the test period.
	Simulation/Implementation: The experiment used Python.
	Dataset: -
	Future work: Through iSEA performance in commercial building staging areas, evaluate the iSEA front-end system (the service layer).
	Main concept: Using IoT to implement a fire alarm system in smart cities.
El-Hosseini et al. [36]	Case study: -
	App domain: Wireless sensor network (WSN).
	Advantage: (1) Saving consumed energy; (2) Reducing the number of sensor nodes; (3) Increasing the network’s lifespan.
	Disadvantage: Lack of attention to delays and data rates.
	Simulation/Implementation: MATLAB 2014 is used to carry out the simulation. An Arduino and a Raspberry Pi were used in the tests.
	Dataset: -
	Future work: (1) Use the provided technique with heterogeneous nodes while considering delay and data rate. (2) Combine visual sensors (cameras) with the test bed’s scalar sensors to improve fire detection accuracy in smart cities.