Table 2.

Studies carried out with both non-alcoholic beer and conventional beer.

Author	Participants	Intervention	Study and Duration	Measured Parameters	Results
Bassus et al. (2004) [14]	12 healthy non-smoker men, aged 19–36 years	Conventional beer Non-alcoholic beer Ethanol	Intake of 3 L of the corresponding beverage in 3 h 4-week rest periods between each intervention	Coagulation-related parameters: PAC-1 CD62 MPA FVIIc ETP Fibrinogen Prothrombin time MPA	Conventional beer vs. baseline: ↑ FVIIc ↓ MPA ↑ ETP Non-alcoholic beer vs. baseline: ↓ PAC-1 ↓ CD62 ↓ MPA ↓ ETP Ethanol vs. baseline: ↑ PAI-1 ↓ MPA ↑ ETP
Imhof et al. (2008) [15]	49 healthy men and women, non-smokers, aged 22–56 years	Beer (5.6% ethanol, polyphenols 169 mg/L) Non-alcoholic beer (polyphenols 171 mg/L) Pure water Amounts equivalent to 30 g/d for men and 20 g/d for women	Intervention period: 3 weeks	Serum lipids: HDL-cholesterol Monocyte migration Inflammatory biomarkers: TNF-α E-selectin ICAM	Conventional beer: No significant effects on HDL-cholesterol, monocyte migration and inflammatory markers Non-alcoholic beer: No significant effects on HDL-cholesterol, monocyte migration and inflammatory markers
Imhof et al. (2009) [16]	72 healthy men and women, non-smokers, aged 22–56 years	Beer (5.6% ethanol, polyphenols 169 mg/L) Non-alcoholic beer (polyphenols 171 mg/L) Pure water Amounts equivalent to 30 g/d for men and 20 g/d for women	Intervention period: 3 weeks	Plasma adiponectin levels	Conventional beer: ↑ Adiponectin Non-alcoholic beer: no significant effect
Beulens et al. (2008a) [17]	20 healthy, non-smoker men, aged 18–25 years	Conventional beer Non-alcoholic beer	3 cans (990 mL)/d Intervention period: 3 weeks with a washout period of 1 week	Serum parameters: Glucose FFA Insulin Glucagon OGTT Adipokines: Adiponectin Ghrelin ASP Leptin Resistin	Conventional beer vs. non-alcoholic beer: ↓ Glucose ↑ Adiponectin ↑ Ghrelin ↓ ASP Insulin: no changes ↑ FFA ↑ Glucagon
Beulens et al. (2008b) [18]	20 healthy, non-smoker men, aged 18–25 years, distributed in normal weight or overweight	Conventional beer Non-alcoholic beer	3 cans (990 mL)/d Intervention period: 3 weeks with a washout period of 1 week	Serum lipids Serum enzymes Serum Lp-PLA2 Blood pressure Serum inflammation parameter: CRP Urinary oxidative stress parameter: F2-isoprostanes	Conventional beer vs. non-alcoholic beer: ↑ HDL-c cholesterol ↓ LDL-c cholesterol ↑ GGT, AST (only in overweight subjects) ↑ F2-isoprostanes (tendency)
Joosten et al. (2011) [19]	24 pre-menopausal healthy, non-smoker women, aged 20–40 years, under treatment with oral contraceptives BMI: 22.2 ± 1.6 kg/m2	Conventional beer Non-alcoholic beer	2 cans/d (660 mL)/d Intervention period: 3 weeks with 1-week washout	Serum lipids: HDL-c LDL-c TG FFA Adiponectin Parameters related to insulin resistance Serum enzymes: ALAT, AST, AP, γ-glutamyltrans- peptidase	Conventional beer vs. non-alcoholic beer: ↑ HDL-c ↑ Adiponectin: ↑ γ-glutamyltrans- peptidase No significant effects in serum enzymes
Karatzi et al. (2013) [20]	17 male, healthy volunteers, non-smokers, 28.5 ± 5.2 years of age, BMI = 24.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2	Conventional beer (20 g ethanol, 48 mg poly phenols) + water Non-alcoholic beer (48 mg polyphenols) Amounts that provided 30 g/d for men and 20 g/d for women or the same amount of non-alcoholic beer	400 mL/d conventional beer + 400 mL/d water 800 mL/d non-alcoholic beer Intervention periods: 4 weeks	Aortic stiffness Endothelial function Pressure wave reflexes (Aix) Aortic/brachial pressure	Conventional beer: ↓ Aortic stiffness Improvement in endothelial function ↓ Aix ↑ Aortic/brachial pressure Non-alcoholic beer: ↓ Aortic stiffness Improvement in endothelial function ↓ Aix ↑ Aortic/brachial pressure
Chiva- Blanch et al. (2014) [21]	36 men with high cardiovascular risk (DM2, smokers, hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity, or a family history of cardiovascular disease), aged 55–75 years	Conventional beer lager type 660 mL/d (30g of alcohol) Non-alcoholic beer lager type	Intervention periods: 4 weeks	Atherosclerosis biomarkers: Progenitor endothelial cells (EPC) Soluble factors	Conventional and non-alcoholic beer: ↑ Number of EPC ↑ Serum soluble stromal cell-derived factor 1
Chiva- Blanch et al. (2015) [22]	36 men with high cardiovascular risk (DM2, smokers, hypertension, dyslipidemia, overweight or obesity, or a family history of cardiovascular disease), aged 55–75 years	Conventional beer lager type 660 mL/d (30 g of alcohol) Non-alcoholic beer lager type 990 mL/d	Intervention periods: 4 weeks	Blood pressure Serum lipid parameters Serum adipokines Coagulation parameters: Fibrinogen, FVIIc, PAI, prothrombin and thromboplastin times Serum and cell adhesion molecules	Conventional beer: ↑ HDL, ApoA-I, ApoA-II ↑ Adiponectin ↓ Serum fibrinogen ↓ Lymphocyte expression of LFA-1 and SLex ↓ Monocyte expression of SLex and CCR2 ↑ IL-1ra ↓ IL-5 Non-alcoholic beer: ↓ Systolic blood pressure ↓ Apo A-I, Apo A-II ↓ Homocysteine ↑ Folic acid ↓ Lymphocyte expression of LFA-1 and SLex ↓ Monocyte expression of SLex and CCR2 ↓ E-Selectin, IL-6r, IL-15 and TNF-β
Padro et al. (2018) [23]	36 subjects (21 men and 15 women), overweight or obese without other cardiovascular risk factors, aged 40–60 years	Conventional lager beer (15 g ethanol and 604 mg polyphenols/can) Non-alcoholic lager beer (0.0 g alcohol and 414 mg polyphenols/can)	2 cans/day (660 mL of beer, i.e., 30 g of alcohol) in men 1 can/day (330 mL of beer, i.e., 15 g of alcohol) in women Intervention period: 4 weeks with 4-week washout period and 4-week adaptation period	Serum lipids: TC HDL-c LDL-c TG Inflammatory parameters: CRP IL-6 TNF-α Vascular parameter: Framingham Risk Score	No significant effects in serum lipids No significant effects in inflammatory parameters No significant effects in vascular parameters
Muñoz- Garcia et al. (2021) [24]	21 men and 15 women aged 40–60 years. Healthy, non-smokers with normal weight or first grade overweight	Conventional beer Non-alcoholic beer	Exposition of cultured macrophages exposed to LPS and to serum obtained after the intervention with conventional beer or non-alcoholic beer	Inflammation parameters: Pro-IL-1β IL-1β TNFα	Conventional beer: ↓ IL-1β protein release Non-alcoholic beer: ↓ IL-1β expression ↓ TNFα

Aix: pressure wave reflexes; ALAT: alanine transaminase; AP: alkaline phosphatase; Apo I and II: apoprotein I and II; ASP: acylation-stimulating protein; AST: Aspartate transaminase; CCR2: C-C chemokine receptor type 2; CD62: cluster of differentiation 62; CRP: C-reactive protein; DM2: diabetes mellitus type 2; EPC: progenitor endothelial cells; ETP: endogenous thrombin potential; FVIIc: factor VII coagulant; FFA: Free fatty acids; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6/1β: interleukin 6/1β; LFA-1: lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; MPA: monocyte platelet aggregates; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; PAC-1: first procaspase activating compound; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; SDF1: serum soluble stromal cell-derived factor 1; SLex: Sialyl LewisX; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; ↑: significant increase; ↓: significant decrease.