Table 5.

Relationship between SPA and complications.

Study	Cut-Off Value	Type of Complications	Definition of Complications	Main Findings
Pena, 2019 [13]	−1.65°	Infectious complications; Non-infectious complications	Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons	Patients with SPA1 < −1.65 presented more infectious complications, but there was no association between SPA 1 and other complications. SPA 1 was only one significant predictor of infectious complications.
Harter, 2017 [52]	−1.65°	Postoperative complications	Clavien–Dindo classification	SPA 1 was significantly lower among those who had severe postoperative complications.
Maurício, 2018 [50]	−1.65°	Postoperative complications	Clavien–Dindo classification	SPA 1 showed no association with postoperative complications in cancer patients.
Roccamatisi, 2021 [40]	0.3°	Infectious complications	Clavien–Dindo classification	SPA 1 was significantly lower in patients with infectious complications. SPA 1 < 0.3 was the only independent variable for infectious complications.

Abbreviations: ¹ SPA: standardized phase angle.