| ALA | alpha-lipoic acid |
| DHLA | dihydro-lipoic acid |
| T1D | type 1 diabetes |
| T2D | type 2 diabetes |
| MS | metabolic syndrome |
| PCOS | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| IAS | insulin autoimmune syndrome |
| IAA | insulin autoantibodies |
| IRS-1 | insulin receptor substrate—1 |
| IR | insulin receptor |
| HSP | heat shock proteins |
| PTDM | post-transplant diabetes mellitus |
| DPN | diabetic polyneuropathy |
| DAN | diabetic autonomic neuropathy |
| NIS | neuropathy impairment score |
| TSS | total symptoms score |
| CAN | cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy |
| FGM | flash glucose monitoring |
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