Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of women according to quintiles of the healthy Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI) (n = 5700).
| hPDI Diet Score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | Age-Adjusted p for Trend | |
| hPDI diet score, min-max | 31–50.5 | 51–54 | 54.5–57.5 | 58–61 | 61.5–78.5 | |
| hPDI diet score, m(sd) | 47.5 (2.7) | 52.6 (1.03) | 55.9 (1.01) | 59.4 (1.00) | 64.5 (2.7) | |
| uPDI diet score, m (sd) | 54.0 (5.8) | 52.7 (6.0) | 51.8 (5.9) | 50.7 (5.9) | 49.3 (5.6) | |
| Component score of hPDI (g/d) | ||||||
| Fiber in whole grains | 2.0 (2.5) | 2.6 (2.9) | 3.3 (3.3) | 4.0 (3.2) | 4.9 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| Fruits | 223.2 (128.3) | 260.3 (142.2) | 283.2 (140.2) | 312.9 (153.1) | 361.1 (161.0) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetables | 16.9 (67.7) | 29.3 (102.7) | 18.3 (78.2) | 21.5 (96.1) | 28.8 (113.4) | 0.01 |
| Nuts | 7.0 (8.0) | 7.2 (8.7) | 6.9 (8.4) | 7.7 (9.7) | 8.9 (11.9) | <0.0001 |
| Legumes | 23.0 (21.4) | 23.8 (22.3) | 23.7 (22.2) | 23.6 (22.5) | 27.6 (27.6) | <0.0001 |
| Vegetable oils | 21.4 (9.5) | 23.2 (10.5) | 24.7 (10.3) | 25.4 (10.9) | 30.2 (12.1) | <0.0001 |
| Tea and coffee | 436.7 (243.1) | 487.0 (279.9) | 509.8 (270.9) | 551.2 (294.8) | 622.7 (317.3) | <0.0001 |
| Fruit juices | 97.2 (92.9) | 76.7 (88.2) | 67.4 (84.3) | 57.3 (74.7) | 46.0 (80.6) | <0.0001 |
| Refined grains | 223.7 (89.3) | 198.0 (94.8) | 173.7 (88.4) | 151.0 (86.5) | 123.4 (73.1) | <0.0001 |
| Potatoes | 87.7 (46.7) | 72.6 (41.5) | 66.3 (42.5) | 55.1 (36.8) | 46.6 (36.1) | <0.0001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 12.6 (33.3) | 7.7 (27.7) | 3.7 (15.2) | 2.1 (9.3) | 1.5 (8.4) | <0.0001 |
| Sweets and desserts | 78.7 (40.6) | 68.0 (39.1) | 62.9 (38.2) | 56.1 (37.7) | 48.3 (36.8) | <0.0001 |
| Animal fat | 22.4 (16.9) | 18.9 (16.8) | 15.3 (15.2) | 13.2 (13.9) | 10.2 (12.4) | <0.0001 |
| Dairy | 341.2 (164.9) | 318.9 (178.6) | 305.4 (160.9) | 307.0 (176.0) | 268.4 (160.8) | <0.0001 |
| Egg | 30.0 (18.9) | 25.4 (17.5) | 22.3 (15.5) | 19.5 (15.0) | 17.6 (14.3) | <0.0001 |
| Fish or Seafood | 44.6 (24.4) | 41.9 (25.9) | 39.8 (23.9) | 37.9 (24.6) | 35.7 (25.0) | <0.0001 |
| Meat | 127.8 (43.8) | 113.1 (42.2) | 104.4 (40.1) | 94.1 (40.9) | 81.6 (42.2) | <0.0001 |
| Miscellaneous animal-based food | 104.7 (52.9) | 87.1 (48.8) | 70.5 (40.8) | 62.6 (39.3) | 48.5 (34.5) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 61.3 (5.3) | 61.8 (5.5) | 62.3 (5.7) | 62.6 (5.5) | 62.7 (5.5) | |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2581 (518) | 2376 (497) | 2233 (463) | 2124 (443) | 2020 (436) | <0.0001 |
| Leisure-time physical activity (METs/week) | 63.9 (48.9) | 59.5 (49.7) | 61.4 (49.3) | 64.6 (53.2) | 63.8 (48.7) | 0.30 |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never smoker | 606 (56.2) | 628 (56.0) | 674 (53.8) | 628 (53.8) | 532 (49.3) | |
| Ex-smoker | 396 (36.7) | 411 (36.6) | 499 (39.8) | 464 (39.7) | 477 (44.2) | |
| Current smoker | 76 (7.1) | 83 (7.4) | 80 (6.4) | 76 (6.5) | 70 (6.5) | |
| Educational level | 0.0003 | |||||
| <high school diploma | 109 (10.1) | 115 (10.3) | 116 (9.3) | 92 (7.9) | 79 (7.3) | |
| High school to 2-level university | 537 (49.8) | 549 (48.9) | 630 (50.3) | 616 (52.7) | 507 (47.0) | |
| 3–4-level university | 226 (20.1) | 234 (20.8) | 234 (18.7) | 213 (18.2) | 225 (20.9) | |
| ≥5-level university | 173 (16.1) | 188 (16.8) | 242 (19.3) | 218 (18.7) | 234 (21.7) | |
| Missing | 33 (3.1) | 36 (3.2) | 31 (2.4) | 29 (2.5) | 34 (3.1) | |
| Marital status | 0.36 | |||||
| No | 257 (23.8) | 245 (24.0) | 302 (24.1) | 284 (24.3) | 273 (25.3) | |
| Yes | 821 (76.2) | 877 (78.2) | 950 (75.8) | 884 (75.7) | 806 (74.7) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | |||||
| Having farmer parents | 0.42 | |||||
| No | 941 (87.3) | 959 (85.4) | 1086 (86.7) | 1001 (85.7) | 921 (85.4) | |
| Yes | 109 (10.1) | 143 (12.8) | 142 (11.3) | 149 (12.8) | 125 (11.6) | |
| Missing | 28 (2.6) | 20 (1.8) | 25 (2.0) | 18 (1.5) | 33 (3.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | <0.0001 | |||||
| <20 | 147 (13.6) | 185 (16.5) | 202 (16.1) | 223 (19.1) | 233 (21.6) | |
| 20–24.9 | 614 (57.0) | 656 (58.5) | 732 (58.4) | 685 (58.6) | 617 (57.2) | |
| 25–29.9 | 261 (24.2) | 240 (21.4) | 265 (21.2) | 217 (18.6) | 194 (18.0) | |
| ≥30 | 56 (5.2) | 41 (3.6) | 54 (4.3) | 43 (3.7) | 35 (3.2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 (3.9) | 23.2 (3.6) | 23.3 (4.0) | 23.0 (3.5) | 22.7 (3.6) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean (SD) unless otherwise stated. p for trend was calculated using the quintile median values.